1、考研英语（翻译）-试卷 14 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）_Before a big exam, a sound night“s sleep will do you mo
2、re good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent me
3、mories form.【F1】 The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then“edited“ at night to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pier
4、re Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it.【F2】 The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement sleep, when the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. I
5、t is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to
6、press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster.【F3】 What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a patternwhat is referred to as “artificial grammar“. Yet
7、the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn(i.e., the “grammar“, as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button)have more active brains. The “editing“ theory would not predict that,
8、since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case.【F4】 And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the
9、 nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt.【F5】 So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remembe
10、r the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Twenty-seven years ago, Egypt revised its secular constitution to enshrine Muslim sharia as “the prin
11、cipal source of legislation“. To most citizens, most of the time, that seeming contradictionbetween secularism and religionhas not made much difference. Nine in ten Egyptians are Sunni Muslims and expect Islam to govern such things as marriage, divorce and inheritance. Nearly all the rest profess Ch
12、ristianity or Judaism, faiths recognised and protected in Islam.【F1】 But to the small minority who embrace other faiths, or who have tried to leave Islam, it has, until lately, made an increasingly troubling difference. Members of Egypt“s 2, 000-strong Bahai community, for instance, have found they
13、cannot state their religion on the national identity cards that all Egyptians are obliged to produce to secure such things as driver“s licenses, bank accounts, social insurance and state schooling. Hundreds of Coptic Christians who have converted to Islam, often to escape the Orthodox sect“s ban on
14、divorce, find they cannot revert to their original faith.【F2】 In some cases, children raised as Christians have discovered that, because a divorced parent converted to Islam, they too have become officially Muslim, and cannot claim otherwise. 【F3】 Such restrictions on religious freedom are not direc
15、tly a product of sharia, say human-rights campaigners, but rather of rigid interpretations of Islamic law by over-zealous officials. In their strict view, Bahai belief cannot be recognised as a legitimate faith, since it arose in the 19th century, long after Islam staked its claim to be the final re
16、velation in a chain of prophecies beginning with Adam. Likewise, they brand any attempt to leave Islam, whatever the circumstances, as a form of apostasy, punishable by death. But such views have lately been challenged. Last year Ali Gomaa, the Grand Mufti, who is the government“s highest religious
17、adviser, declared that nowhere in Islam“s sacred texts did it say that apostasy need be punished in the present rather than by God in the afterlife. In the past month, Egyptian courts have issued two rulings that, while restricted in scope, should ease some bothersome strictures. Bahais may now leav
18、e the space for religion on their identity cards blank.【F4】 Twelve former Christians won a lawsuit and may now return to their original faith, on condition that their identity documents note their previous adherence to Islam. 【F5】 Small steps, perhaps, but they point the way towards freedom of choic
19、e and citizenship based on equal rights rather than membership of a privileged religion.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_The mythology of a culture can provide some vital insights into the beliefs and values of that culture.【F1】 By u
20、sing fantastic and sometimes incredible stories to create an oral tradition by which to explain the wonders of the natural world and teach lessons to younger generations, a society exposes those ideas and concepts held most important. 【F2】 Just as important as the final lesson to be gathered from th
21、e stories, however, are the characters and the roles they play in conveying that message. 【F3】 Perhaps the epitome of mythology and its use as a tool to pass on cultural values can be found in Aesop“ s Fables, told and retold during the era of the Greek Empire. Aesop, a slave who won the favor of th
22、e court through his imaginative and descriptive tales, almost exclusively used animals to fill the roles in his short stories. Humans, when at all present, almost always played the part of bumbling fools struggling to learn the lesson being presented. This choice of characterization allows us to see
23、 that the Greeks placed wisdom on a level slightly beyond humans, implying that deep wisdom and understanding is a universal quality sought by, rather than steanning from, human beings. Aesop“ s fables illustrated the central themes of humility and self-reliance, reflecting the importance of those t
24、raits in early Greek society. The folly of humans was used to contrast against the ultimate goal of attaining a higher level of understanding and awareness of truths about nature and humanity. For example,one notable fable features a fox repeatedly trying to reach a bunch of grapes on a very high vi
25、ne. After failing at several attempts, the fox gives up, making up its mind that the grapes were probably sour anyway.【F4】 The fable“s lesson, that we often play down that which we can“t achieve so as to make ourselves feel better, teaches the reader or listener in an entertaining way about one of t
26、he weaknesses of the human psyche. 【F5】 The mythology of other cultures and societies reveal the underlying traits of their respective cultures just as Aesop“ s fables did. The stories of Roman gods, Aztec ghosts and European elves all served to train ancient generations those lessons considered mos
27、t important to their community, and today they offer a powerful looking glass by which to evaluate and consider the contextual environment in which those culture existed.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_Scholastic thinkers held a wid
28、e variety of doctrines in both philosophy and theology, the study of religion.【F1】 What gives unity to the whole Scholastic movement, the academic practice in Europe from the 9th to the 17th centuries, are the common aims, attitudes, and methods generally accepted by all its members. The chief conce
29、rn of the Scholastics was not to discover new facts but to integrate the knowledge already acquired separately by Greek reasoning and Christian revelation. This concern is one of the most characteristic differences between Scholasticism and modern thought since the Renaissance. The basic aim of the
30、Scholastics determined certain common attitudes, the most important of which was their conviction of the fundamental harmony between reason and revelation.【F2】 The Scholastics maintained that because the same God was the source of both types of knowledge and truth was one of his chief attributes, he
31、 could not contradict himself in these two ways of speaking. Any apparent opposition between revelation and reason could be traced either to an incorrect use of reason or to an inaccurate interpretation of the words of revelation. Because the Scholastics believed that revelation was the direct teach
32、ing of God, it possessed for them a higher degree of truth and certainty than did natural reason. In apparent conflicts between religious faith and philosophic reasoning, faith was thus always the supreme arbiter; the theologians decision overruled that of the philosopher. After the early 13th centu
33、ry, Scholastic thought emphasized more the independence of philosophy within its own domain.【F3】 Nonetheless, throughout the Scholastic period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologia
34、n used philosophy to understand and explain revelation. This attitude of Scholasticism stands in sharp contrast to the so-called double-truth theory of the Spanish-Arab philosopher and physician Averroes. His theory assumed that truth was accessible to both philosophy and Islamic theology but that o
35、nly philosophy could attain it perfectly. The so-called truths of theology served, hence, as imperfect imaginative expressions for the common people of the authentic truth accessible only to philosophy. Averroes maintained that philosophic truth could even contradict, at least verbally, the teaching
36、s of Islamic theology. 【F4】 As a result of their belief in the harmony between faith and reason, the Scholastics attempted to determine the precise scope and competence of each of these faculties. Many early Scholastics, such as the Italian ecclesiastic and philosopher St. Anselm, did not clearly di
37、stinguish the two and were overconfident that reason could prove certain doctrines of revelation.【F5】 Later, at the height of the mature period of Scholasticism, the Italian theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas worked out a balance between reason and revelation.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）_(2).【
38、F2】（分数：2.00）_(3).【F3】（分数：2.00）_(4).【F4】（分数：2.00）_(5).【F5】（分数：2.00）_考研英语（翻译）-试卷 14 答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chine
39、se.（分数：10.00）_解析：Before a big exam, a sound night“s sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of wh
40、y sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form.【F1】 The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then“edited“ at night to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and
41、that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it.【F2】 The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement sleep, when the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if
42、 watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster.【F3】 What they did not know was
