1、考研英语（二）-试卷 98 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far
2、less harmful【C1】_ is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology. The similarity between disease organisms and personal devices is【C2】_. Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms,【C3】_ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and oth
3、er gadgets do the same thing,【C4】_ ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied【C5】_ wire umbilici. It is tempting to【C6】_ a “strategy“ to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient. 【C7】_, the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, 【C8】_ ex
4、perimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful. Tech【C9】_ occurs through actively-learnt responses, or “operant conditioning“ as animal be haviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a【C10】_ cage called a S
5、kinner Box. The animal is【C11】_ with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails. “Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we【C12】_ look at our phone, seeking rewards?“ asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a lit
6、tle like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement【C13】_ an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile【C14】_ that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose tho
7、ught processes have been【C15】_ by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe. 【C16】_, mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to【C17】_ sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the
8、free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can【C18】_ the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this【C19】_, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it【C20】_ to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that m
9、ay kill you.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.phenomenonB.epidemicC.issueD.event(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.strikingB.obscureC.interestingD.mysterious(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.relyingB.choosingC.grabbingD.using(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.taking overB.feeding onC.catching upD.allowing for(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.withB.overC.toD.via(6).
10、【C6】（分数：2.00）A.pointB.turnC.attributeD.prefer(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.InsteadB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.whichB.asC.thatD.where(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.progressB.termC.crisisD.addiction(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.dangerousB.specialC.largeD.funny(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.rewardedB.resistedC.resumedD.r
11、eversed(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.anxiouslyB.occasionallyC.happilyD.endlessly(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.withinB.fromC.aboutD.through(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.supportB.approveC.argueD.insist(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.formedB.seperatedC.classifiedD.modified(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.SurprisinglyB.ImportantlyC.FortunatelyD.Regrett
12、ably(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.compensateB.helpC.comfortD.improve(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.shareB.obtainC.subscribeD.observe(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.partB.senseC.levelD.way(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.adaptiveB.carefulC.similarD.captive二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirec
13、tions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are t
14、o remain valuable, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start
15、a pilot with public libraries in New York. Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, Electronic book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night,
16、 from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor angst about lost or damaged tomes). E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called
17、OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35 million titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behavior to participating publishers. Yet publishers and lib
18、raries are worried by Over-Drives market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions. Publishers were miffed when OverDrive teamed up with Amazon, the worlds biggest online bookseller, last year. Owners of Amazons Kindle e-reader who want to borrow e-books from libraries a
19、re now redirected to Amazons website, where they must use their Amazon account to secure a loan. Amazon then follows up with library patrons directly, letting them know they can “Buy this book“ when the loan falls due. So publishers keep tweaking their lending arrangements in search of the right bal
20、ance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. Hachette is engaged in some secret experiments, an
21、d the others are watching with bated breath. In Britain the government will soon announce a review of the matter. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true?（分数：2.00）A.E-books make the relationship between libraries
22、and publishers boring.B.Book digitization is certain to cause piracy and lost sales.C.Random House and HarperCollins are not willing to co-operate.D.Penguin is reluctantly experimenting.(2).We can learn from the passage that printed books_.（分数：2.00）A.can save you a considerable amount of timeB.canno
23、t be browsed at night, from a comfy sofaC.may produce late fee as they expireD.wont be lost or broken especially great works(3).OverDrives market dominance makes publishers and libraries feel anxious because_.（分数：2.00）A.OverDrive protects rights from publishersB.OverDrive offers e-books and audio fi
24、lesC.OverDrive borrows useful data and sends themD.OverDrive raises licensing prices and conditions(4).Judging from the context, the word “miffed“ (Para. 4) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.excitedB.annoyedC.worriedD.delighted(5).The introduction of Random House, HarperCollins, Penguin, Hachette in t
25、he last paragraph is to_.（分数：2.00）A.find the most appropriate balanceB.adjust their lending arrangementsC.contribute to the Britain governmentD.show the story of the library e-bookIn a famous lab trial, a chimp named Sultan put two interlocking sticks together and pulled down a bunch of bananas hang
26、ing just out of arms reach. Nearly a century later, eager tourists have conducted their own version of the experiment. Equipped with the camera extender known as a selfie stick, they can now reach for flattering CinemaScope selfies wherever they go. Art museums have watched this development nervousl
27、y, fearing damage to their collections or to visitors, as users swing their sticks. Now they are taking action. One by one, museums across the United States have been imposing bans on using selfie sticks for photographs inside galleries (adding them to existing rules on umbrellas, rucksacks, tripods
28、 and monopods), yet another example of how controlling overcrowding has become part of the museum mission. The Hirshhorn Museum in Washington prohibited the sticks this month, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston plans to impose a ban. In New York, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has been st
29、udying the matter for some time, has just decided that it, too, will forbid selfie sticks. “From now on, you will be asked quietly to put it away,“ said Sree Sreenivasan, the chief digital officer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Its one thing to take a picture at arm s length, but when it is thr
30、ee times arm s length, you are invading someone else s personal space.“ The personal space of other visitors is just one problem. The artwork is another. “We do not want to have to put all the art under glass,“ said Deborah Ziska, the chief of public information at the National Gallery of Art in Was
31、hington, which has been quietly enforcing a ban on selfie sticks but is in the process of adding it formally to its printed guidelines for visitors. Last but not least is the threat to the camera operator, intent on capturing the perfect shot and oblivious to the surroundings. “If people are not pay
32、ing attention in the Temple of Dendur, they can end up in the water with the crocodile sculpture,“ Mr. Sreenivasan said. “We have so many balconies you could fall from, and stairs you can trip on.“（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author suggests that_.（分数：2.00）A.Sultan is as smart as human
33、beingsB.tourists are easy to indulge in self-pityC.nowadays people use selfie sticks to get things out of reachD.camera extenders are useful to people as interlocking sticks to Sultan(2).Recently, the newly-added items that are banned by museums in the US are_.（分数：2.00）A.backpacksB.umbrellasC.selfie
34、 sticksD.supporting equipment for cameras(3).That US museums impose bans on using selfie sticks reveals that_.（分数：2.00）A.visitors are overcrowded in museumsB.existing rules dont workC.museums are taking actionD.people like to wave the sticks(4).According to Sree Sreenivasan, when selfie-stick users
35、take pictures, they_.（分数：2.00）A.should keep quietB.may be easily distractedC.cannot stretch arms three timesD.capture the shots of balconies and stairs(5).Selfie sticks have been banned in case of all the following problems EXCEPT_.（分数：2.00）A.invasion of personal spaceB.damage to the artworkC.waste
36、of printed guidelinesD.danger to camera usersRobots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact. It is time for management thinkers to catch up with science-fiction writers. Robots have been doing menial jobs on producti
37、on lines since the 1960s. The world already has more than 1 million industrial robots. There is now an acceleration in the rates at which they are becoming both cleverer and cheaper: an explosive combination. Robots are learning to interact with the world around them. Their ability to see things is
38、getting ever closer to that of humans, as is their capacity to ingest information and act on it. Tomorrow s robots will increasingly take on delicate, complex tasks. And instead of being imprisoned in cages to stop them colliding with people and machines, they will be free to wander. Until now execu
39、tives have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering rather than a management problem. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous . Companies certainly need to rethink their human-resources policiesstarting by questioning whether they should have departments de
40、voted to purely human resources. The first issue is how to manage the robots themselves. An American writer, Isaac Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much more sensitive to their su
41、rroundings and can be instructed to avoid hitting people. A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations. Workers have always worried that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites fears about mechanised looms. Now, the arrival of in
42、creasingly humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction. Two principlesdont let robots hurt or frighten peopleare relatively simple. Robot scientists are tackling more complicated problems as robots become more sophisticated. They are keen to avoi
43、d hierarchies among rescue-robots (because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant). They are keen to avoid duplication between robots and their human handlers. This suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots behave like humans rather
44、 than the 20th centurys preferred option, making humans behave like robots.（分数：10.00）(1).The second sentence implies that management thinkers should_.（分数：2.00）A.turn robots into superheroes and supervillainsB.give robots names such as the TerminatorC.ponder more about homo-robo relationsD.create mor
45、e robots with super power(2).Which of the following statements is true about robots?（分数：2.00）A.They will be free and colliding with people and machines.B.They deliver information by acting like a human being.C.Their eyesight is becoming closer to men s.D.They will do sophisticated jobs.(3).The word
46、“ubiquitous“ (Para. 3) probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.numerousB.pervasiveC.intelligentD.complicated(4).To deal with the second problem, companies may not_.（分数：2.00）A.show employees that the robot sitting alongside them is a complete helpmateB.explain that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in t
47、he rich worldC.persuade workers that robots are productivity-enhancersD.tell workers that robots are not just job-eating aliens(5).From the passage we can see that the author thinks homo-robo relations_.（分数：2.00）A.are intrusiveB.render worriesC.become sentientD.require specificationsLast week I had
48、lunch with a man who used to be one of the most senior bankers in the UK. The trouble with business today, he complained over coffee, was that there was no common sense any more. Such sense, he insisted, had always been uncommonbut now was extinct. The reason common sense is squashed in this way is insecurity. Most people in business live in fear of being found out, and sounding clever seems a safer bet than being understood. As more people tr
