1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 207 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Europes biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of
2、the worlds ten most 【C1】_ states were in western Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】_ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europes most populous country【C3】_ just 16th globally. The continents birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has be
3、gun to 【C4】_. One solution is to attract foreigners. Eurostat said that the regions population rose in 2016【C5】_ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6】_ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】_ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born l
4、ast year. 【C8】_ not all saw their populations fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9】_ grow. By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10】_ migration. 【C11】_ , Germany and Italy need migran
5、ts badly. 【C12】_migration does continue, Eurostats central forecast 【C13】_ that Germany will still only maintain its current population. Even 【C14】_ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】_ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【
6、C16】_ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C17】_ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】_ they were raised face a hard task. They must
7、 attract and 【C19】_ new workers, increase their birth rates, or learn to 【C20】_ a declining population.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.powerfulB.populousC.wealthyD.prosperous(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.resulted inB.stemmed fromC.contributed toD.influenced by(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.ratedB.rangedC.rankedD.stood(4).【C4
8、】（分数：2.00）A.diminishB.declineC.dwindleD.drop(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.apart fromB.in spite ofC.according toD.because of(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.acceleratedB.promotedC.boostedD.raised(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.inB.ofC.withD.for(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.AndB.SoC.ButD.Despite(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.remained toB.longed toC.intended toD
9、.managed to(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.withB.withoutC.forD.during(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.On the other handB.In the same wayC.In contrastD.In addition(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.NeverthelessB.SinceC.Even ifD.When(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.assertsB.claimsC.reckonsD.declares(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.attainingB.detainingC.retainin
10、gD.sustaining(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.fromB.inC.onD.out of(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.now thatB.ever sinceC.even thoughD.as if(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.SinceD.When(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whichC.thatD./(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.superviseB.retainC.fireD.pay(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.rely onB.fight against
11、C.deal withD.live with二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country
12、 is now a “food desert“. The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images
13、of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝). The USDA links food deserts to a growing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of
14、treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in
15、 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USD
16、A managed to rescue 10m people from desert life. Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for fo
17、od within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seatt
18、le, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well o
19、utside the desert. No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a
20、 full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans simply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last fou
21、r years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we learn about the food desert?（分数：2.00）A.It is an area where the locals cant grow fresh food.B.It is an area where a lot
22、 of people are starving.C.It is an area where fresh food is hardly available to the locals.D.It is an area where people are mostly overweight.(2).According to Para. 2, how did USDA reduce the number of people in food desert by 10m?（分数：2.00）A.By promoting the concept of organic food.B.By raising peop
23、les awareness of dietary health.C.By establishing more full-service supermarkets.D.By extending the definition of food desert in rural areas.(3).The critics of food desert hold the view that _.（分数：2.00）A.USDA overemphasizes the importance of supermarketsB.shoppers should go outside their residence a
24、reas for foodC.USDA should expand the census areas to locate food desertsD.shoppers should visit supermarkets more frequently(4).According to the passage, which of the following can hardly be a source of fresh food?（分数：2.00）A.Wal-Mart.B.Farmers market.C.Convenience store.D.Roadside stand.(5).Accordi
25、ng to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is a simple matter to change consumers preference for food.B.The relationship between food desert and dietary health is certain.C.Price can be a decisive factor when consumers buy food.D.Opening full-service supermarke
26、ts will eliminate food deserts in the U.S.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machi
27、nes. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories
28、hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there
29、are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less hu
30、man supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact wit
31、h a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, resear
32、chers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robo
33、ts that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding f
34、orest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still dont know quite how we do it.（分数：10.00）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.（分数：2.00）A.the use of machines to produce sci
35、ence fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work(2).The word “gizmos“ (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).Accordin
36、g to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.（分数：2.00）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also
37、_.（分数：2.00）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.（分数：2.00）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perce
38、ive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environmentFor more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgent
39、s. Big companies didnt innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers. There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovati
40、on comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensens 1997 classic, The Innovators Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change. But a shift in think
41、ing is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challengesand potential business opportunitiesare problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems. Solutions wont come from th
42、e next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private se
43、ctors. “These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game,“ said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innova
44、tion with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce elec
45、tricity consumption. In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the
46、direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways. These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also re
47、quire the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In
48、 his book Christensen comes to the conclusion that _.（分数：2.00）A.business people are more innovative than government officialsB.all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some senseC.the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive natureD.small businesses are more creative than large companies(2).Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovation _.（分数：2.00）A.will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fieldsB.should fit into a network
