1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 192 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_According to certain beer commercials, the contemporary version of success 【B1】_
2、in moving up to a premium brand that costs a dime or so more per bottle. Credit-card companies would have you 【B2】_ success inheres in owning their particular piece of plastic. 【B3】_ the flag of success, modern-style, liberal arts colleges are withering 【B4】_ business schools are burgeoning, and yet
3、 even business schools are having an increasingly hard time 【B5】_ faculty members, because teaching isnt 【B6】_ “successful“ enough. Amid a broad consensus 【B7】_ there is a glut of lawyers and an epidemic of strangling litigation, record numbers of young people continue to flock to law school 【B8】_ ,
4、 for the individual practitioner, a law degree is still considered a safe ticket. Many, by external 【B9】_ , will be “successes“. Yet there is a deadening and dangerous flaw in their philosophy: It has little room, little sympathy and less respect for the noble failure, for the person who 【B10】_ past
5、 the limits, who 【B11】_ gloriously high and falls unashamedly 【B12】_ That sort of ambition doesnt have much place in a world 【B13】_ success is proved by worldly reward 【B14】_ by accomplishment itself. That sort of ambition is increasingly thought of as the domain of irredeemable eccentrics, 【B15】_ p
6、eople who havent quite caught onand there is great social pressure not to be one of them. The irony is that todays success-chasers seem obsessed with the idea of not settling. Yet in doggedly 【B16】_ the rather brittle species of success now in fashion, they are 【B17】_ themselves to a chokingly narro
7、w swath of turf along the entire 【B18】_ of human possibilities. Does it ever 【B19】_ to them that, frequently, success is what people settle for 【B20】_ they cant think of something noble enough to be worth failing at?（分数：40.00）(1).【B1】（分数：2.00）A.consistsB.composesC.constitutesD.makes up(2).【B2】（分数：2.
8、00）A.believeB.believedC.believingD.to believe(3).【B3】（分数：2.00）A.WithB.UnderC.BelowD.Behind(4).【B4】（分数：2.00）A.whileB.howeverC.butD.nevertheless(5).【B5】（分数：2.00）A.evaluatingB.findingC.ensuringD.admitting(6).【B6】（分数：2.00）A.acknowledgedB.consideredC.regardedD.recognized(7).【B7】（分数：2.00）A.whichB.whatC.th
9、atD.where(8).【B8】（分数：2.00）A.becauseB.thoughC.ifD.whether(9).【B9】（分数：2.00）A.levelsB.criteriaC.standardsD.rule(10).【B10】（分数：2.00）A.venturesB.surpassesC.attemptsD.risks(11).【B11】（分数：2.00）A.reachesB.aimsC.ascendsD.directs(12).【B12】（分数：2.00）A.shortB.apartC.behindD.through(13).【B13】（分数：2.00）A.whoseB.where
10、C.whichD.that(14).【B14】（分数：2.00）A.other thanB.more thanC.rather thanD.less than(15).【B15】（分数：2.00）A.withB.forC.toD.of(16).【B16】（分数：2.00）A.huntingB.pursuingC.seekingD.following(17).【B17】（分数：2.00）A.restrictingB.restrainingC.boundingD.enclosing(18).【B18】（分数：2.00）A.rangeB.extentC.scopeD.domain(19).【B19】
11、（分数：2.00）A.happenB.occurC.comeD.approach(20).【B20】（分数：2.00）A.whenB.asC.sinceD.because二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._For many years, smokers hav
12、e been admonished to take the initiative and quit: chew nicotine gum, use a nicotine patch, take a prescription medication that can help, call a help line, just say no. But a new study finds that stopping is seldom an individual decision. Smokers tend to quit in groups, the study finds, which means
13、smoking cessation programs should work best if they focus on groups rather than individuals. It also means that people may help many more than just themselves by quitting: quitting can have a ripple effect prompting an entire social network to break the habit. The study, by Dr. Nicholas Christakis o
14、f Harvard Medical School and James Fowler of the University of California, San Diego, followed thousands of smokers and nonsmokers for 32 years, from 1971 until 2003, studying them as part of a large network of relatives, co-workers, neighbors, friends and friends of friends. It was a time when the
15、percentage of adult smokers in the United States fell to 21 percent from 45 percent. As the investigators watched the smokers and their social networks, they saw what they said was a striking effectsmokers had formed little social clusters and, as the years went by, entire clusters of smokers were s
16、topping en masse. So were clusters of clusters that were only loosely connected. Dr. Christakis described watching the vanishing clusters as like lying on your back in a field, looking up at stars that were burning out. “Its not like one little star turning off at a time,“ he said. “Whole constellat
17、ions are blinking off at once.“ As cluster after cluster of smokers disappeared, those that remained were pushed to the margins of society, isolated, with fewer friends, fewer social connections. “Smokers used to be the center of the party,“ Dr. Fowler said, “but now theyve become wallflowers.“ “Wev
18、e known smoking was bad for your physical health,“ he said. “But this shows it also is bad for your social health. Smokers are likely to drive friends away.“ “There is an essential public health message,“ said Richard Suzman, director of the office of behavioral and social research at the National I
19、nstitute on Aging, which financed the study. “Obviously, people have to take responsibility for their behavior,“ Mr. Suzman said. But a social environment, he added, “can just overpower free will.“ With smoking, that can be a good thing, researchers noted. But there also is a sad side. As Dr. Steven
20、 Schroeder of the University of California, San Francisco, pointed out in an editorial accompanying the paper, “a risk of the marginalization of smoking is that it further isolates the group of people with the highest rate of smokingpersons with mental illness, problems with substance abuse, or both
21、.“（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following statements is true according to the opening paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Smokers have been prevented from quitting smoking for many years.B.It is rare that smokers decide to quit.C.It is preferable to abstain from smoking in groups.D.Nonsmoker could be affected because
22、 of the ripple effects.(2).The word “en masse“ (paragraph 3) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.in the end.B.all together.C.at large.D.respectively.(3).By saying “but now theyve become wallflowers“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4), Dr. Fowler aims at showing that（分数：2.00）A.those who are isolated by clusters tend to
23、 quit smoking.B.those who keep smoking are now loosely connected to their previous groups.C.those ongoing smokers tend to drive their friend away in parties.D.smoking in clusters are bad for the health of individuals and society alike.(4).What can we conclude from the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Smoke
24、rs neglecting social environment are self-centered.B.Social responsibility is widely-acknowledged.C.It is wrong-headed to go on smoking.D.Social influence on smoking is double-edged.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Big Social Factor in Quitting SmokingB.How
25、to Quit Smoking EffectivelyC.Ripple Effect within Social NetworksD.Marginalization of Smoking Is DangerousThere are always good reasons for people to care about the welfare of animals. Ever since the Enlightenment, their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankinds humanity. It is no coincidence
26、 that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton, two leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade, helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s. An increasing number of people go further: mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have
27、the capacity to suffer. Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once reserved for mankind to other species. But when everyday lives are measured against such principles, they are fraught with contradictions. Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and
28、eggs from ghastly factory farms. The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat-eaters gaze and the childs story book. Plenty of people who denounce the fur-trade (much of which is from farmed animals) quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals). Perhaps th
29、e inconsistency is understandable. After hundreds of years of thinking about it, people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other, so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included. The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist. And because
30、 scientific research is remote from most peoples lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns. In fact, science should be the last target, wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare. For one thing, there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research. If there were, scienti
31、sts would grasp it, because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations. Animal research is also for a higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit. The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research. And science is, b
32、y and large, kind to its animals. The couple of million (mainly rats and mice) that die in Britains laboratories are much better looked-after and far more humanely killed than the billion or so (mainly chickens) on Britains farms. In fact, if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys
33、 or dairy cows, you can be quite sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.（分数：10.00）(1).The aim of the first paragraph is（分数：2.00）A.putting forward sound reason to care about the welfare of animals.B.emphasizing the glory of the Enlightenment.C.Introducing the Royal Society for
34、 the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.D.providing background knowledge for the discussion to be expanded.(2).The inconsistency in our routine lives is defined by enumerating（分数：2.00）A.the deeds conducted by Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton.B.the understanding of the ancient times concerning a system of rig
35、hts.C.the people who condemn the fur-trade but merrily wear leather.D.the comprehension of the way to the extremist.(3).We can infer from the third paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.the publics ignorance of scientific research results in attacks on science.B.a measure of mankinds humanity is taken into accou
36、nt.C.confusion and contradiction result from vulnerable campaigns.D.the debate is bound to aggravate in the next decade.(4).With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?（分数：2.00）A.Even if they deplore the activitists use of intimidation and violence, animal lovers ever
37、ywhere can sure rejoice today.B.Science shouldnt be the target of protests, whatever you think of animal rights.C.Over the years something good has come from the campaign against the animal industry.D.It is a sensible move that Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows.
38、(5).In the text, a comparison is made so as to（分数：2.00）A.abolish the animals trade.B.elaborate a higher purpose of animal research.C.warn that human beings have a duty not to cause pain to animals.D.assert that science is, by and large, kind to its animals.Marketers like to work on the demand sideta
39、ke whats in demand, make it cheaper, run a lot of ads, make a profit. If you can increase demand for what you have already made, a lot of problems will take care of themselves. Its the promise made by the typical marketing organization: Give us money, and well increase demand. Theres an overlooked a
40、lternative. If you can offer a scarce and coveted good or service that others cant, you win. What is both scarce and in demand? Things that are difficult: difficult to conceive, to convey, and to make. Sometimes difficult even, at first, to sellmaybe an unpopular idea or a product thats ahead of its
41、 time. In fact, just about the only thing that is not available in unlimited supply in an ever more efficient, connected world is the product of difficult work. Its no longer particularly difficult to run a complex factory. There are people across the globe able to do it more cheaply than you. Commo
42、ditization doesnt apply only to making and selling cheap goods. Almost everything they teach in business school is easy to do. Its easy to do the options pricing model. Providing audit services isnt difficult. Neither is running a high-traffic website. Amazon will do it for you for pennies on the do
43、llar. With a lack of difficulty comes more choice, more variation, and, yes, lower prices. And so consumers of every stripe are jaded. This puts huge pressure on organizations, because the race to the bottom demands that they either do all this easy work faster or do it cheaper than they did it yest
44、erday. And theres not a lot of room to do either one. The only refuge from the race to the bottom? Difficult work. Your only alternative is to create something scarce, something valuable, something that people will pay more for. Whats difficult? Creating beauty is difficult, whether its the tangible
45、 beauty of a brilliant innovation or the intangible essence of exceptional leadership. Beauty exists in an elegant and novel approach to a problem. Maybe its captured in a simple device that works intuitively, reliably, and efficiently or in an effective solutiona “beautiful“ solutionto an organizat
46、ional dysfunction. And it exists in the act of connecting with and leading people. Leading changes is difficult. Its difficult to find, hire, and retain people who are eager and able to change the status quo. Its difficult to stick with a project that everyone seems to dislike. Its difficult to moti
47、vate a team of people who have been lied to or had their spirits dashed. People who can do difficult work will always be in demand. And yet our default is to do the easy work, busywork, and work that only requires activity, not real effort or guts. Thats true of individuals, and also true of compani
48、es. Thats because we regard our role as cranking out average stuff for average people, pushing down price, and, at best, marginally improving value. That used to be the way to grow an organization. No longer. The world will belong to those who can create something scarce, not something cheap. The race to the top has just begun.（分数：10.00）(1).In the text, difficult things are characterized by（分数：2.00）A.meeting overlooked demands.B.requiring big investments.C.having scarce replacements
