1、考研英语阅读理解-(三)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：100.00)School shootings like the one that devastated the small German town of Winnenden on 11 March may not just be random acts of violence. A review of similar killings in the US, and of general school aggression, indicates that some
2、schools are more likely than others to be breeding grounds for killers. Schools cant be blamed for an individuals actions, but they may be able to reduce the chance of a killer emerging from their gates.The rare nature of school shootings makes them tough to study in a systematic way. But between Ju
3、ly 1999 and June 2006 there were eight school shootings in which more than one person was killed in the US alone. Such case studies allow researchers to start drawing some parallels.Traci Wike and Mark Fraser at the Uuiversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, reviewed studies of shooting incidents, s
4、uch as those at Columbine High School, Colorado, in 1999 and at Virginia Tech in 2007, and of general school aggression. They identified shared characteristics that might have helped to shape the killers. “Shootings appear more likely in schools characterized by a high degree of social status and lo
5、w bonding and attachment between teachers and students,“ Wike says. “They provide rewards and recognition for only an elite few, and create social dynamics that promote disrespectful behavior, bullying, and peer harassment.“ Large, academically competitive schools with an obvious “ingroup“ are at gr
6、eatest risk, she adds. The level of attachment that pupils feel towards a school may also affect displays of violence. “No shooting has involved a student who was attached and committed to school,“ Wike says.Of course, personal factors cant be ignored-and may be more important than environmental one
7、s. Tim Kretschmer, who killed 15 people last week at Winnenden before turning the gun on himself, displayed many of the characteristics associated with other school shooters, such as anger at a girl, a fascination with Violent video games and access to guns.But that doesnt mean schools cant play a r
8、ole in reducing the alienation and hostility that seem to push such individuals over the edge. Tackling feelings of isolation in schools might work better than trying to pick out “the tiny handful of kids who are going to take a gun and massacre their peers“, says Catherine Bradshaw of Johns Hopkins
9、 Bloomberg School of Health in Baltimore, Maryland. In the US at least, school shootings seem to be declining. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of school associated murders fell between 1992 and 2006, while multiple-victim homicides by students have been sta
10、ble since 1992, with a small peak in the late 1990s.（分数：25.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by A. posing a contrast. B. justifying an assumption. C. making a comparison. D. citing an example.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The author holds in Paragraph 1 that A. school shootings
11、 are arranged on purpose. B. schools are unable to build a secure environment. C. schools should do something as regards to school violence. D. teens killers are shaped through inappropriate education.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does the author mean by “draw some parallels“ (Last line, Paragraph 2)? A
12、. Study in a methodical way. B. Make some comparisons. C. Make the final decisions. D. Research in a profound way.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Traci Wike and Mark Fraser, A. killers are often from families of lower social status. B. attachment to schools may affect an individual. C. recognition
13、 for each student may result in peer harassment. D. displays of violence are the consequences of bullying.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true of the text? A. Personal factors are not as important and controllable as environmental ones. B. Schools cant play a role in combating the hos
14、tility which urges individuals. C. Feelings of isolation might be one of the reasons for peer massacre. D. Schools have to observe cautiously those students who are likely to become killers.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.“Whats the difference between God and Larry Ellison?“ asks an old software industry joke. Ans
15、wer: God doesnt think hes Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the worship of the celebrity chief executive seemed to de
16、mand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, “Good to Great“, Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses
17、were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, “Its All About Me“, to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the
18、American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper rank of 105 firms in the computer and software
19、 industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators
20、 obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the bosss photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his “Whos who“ entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-c
21、ash compensation to those of the firms second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great selfesteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the gene
22、ral population. Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions; and their results were both more extreme
23、(more big wins or big losses) and more unstable than those of firms run by their humbler peers.（分数：25.00）(1).Larry Ellison is mentioned in the first paragraph to show that A. some corporate chiefs like to compare themselves to God. B. many corporate chiefs are notorious for being selfish. C. egotism
24、 of a boss is fundamental to the success of a firm. D. a boss narcissism might have an effect on his business.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The statement “Narcissus met a nasty end“ (Line 1, Paragraph 2) implies that A. selfishness of a boss will be subject to public criticism. B. egotism of chief executives
25、 may lead to undesirable consequences. C. a self-centered boss is always troubled with business disasters. D. boss-worship will result in serf-asserted leaders.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The study “Its All About Me“ is designed to A. offer all-encompassing answers to the American Academy of Management. B.
26、 analyze the effect of selfishness on a boss as well as company employees. C. explore the relationship between a boss character and business performance. D. test whether narcissism should be valued in the computer industry.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).In paragraph 4, the author discusses A. six indicators t
27、hat might reveal a boss narcissism. B. the reason why a boss might be unwilling to be surveyed. C. how to use an index of narcissism to conduct surveys. D. a way of improving survey results in the studies of narcissism.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the text we can conclude that the author thinks A. grea
28、t self-esteem is the prime source of narcissism. B. chief executives are more likely to become self-absorbed. C. narcissism drives a boss to take less but larger risks. D. the humbler the boss is, the easier his management might be.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.How long you live has a lot to do with your environ
29、ment and lifestyle, but exceptional longevity may have even more to do with your genes. For the first time, researchers have identified a genetic recipe that accurately predicts who may live to 100 and beyond. Scientists led by Dr. Thomas Perls at the Boston University School of Medicine conducted a
30、 genetic analysis of more than 1,000 centenarians and their matched controls and found 150 genetic variants-or bits of DNA-that differed between the two groups. These variants identified people who lived to a very old age (past 100) with 77% accuracy, researchers found.Further analysis identified 19
31、 distinct genetic profiles associated with extremely long life; 90% of participants who lived to 100 possessed at least one of the signature genetic clusters. Each profile appeared to confer a different tendency to develop common age-related chronic diseases, such as heart disease or brain disorder.
32、 “We realize this is a complex genetic puzzle,“ Perls said. “Were quite a ways away still in understanding how the integration of these genes-not just with themselves but with environmental factors-are playing a role in this longevity puzzle.“Perls has studied many factors that contribute to longevi
33、ty, and he is the first to acknowledge that living longer isnt likely to be simply a matter of genes. His previous work has shown, for example, that among most elderly people who live into their 70s and 80s, about 70% of their longevity can be ascribed to environmental factors such as not smoking; e
34、ating a healthy, low-fat, low-calorie diet; and remaining socially engaged and intellectually active throughout life.Still, it seems clear that those who live to an exceptionally ripe old age are benefiting from a special DNA boost. In fact, Perls believes that the older a person gets, the more like
35、ly it is that his or her genes are contributing to those extended years. His current genetic findings support that theory: the 19 most common genetic profiles that distinguished the exceptionally long-lived appear to be correlated with lower incidence of certain diseases. For example, some profiles
36、were associated with lower rates of high blood pressure and diabetes, while another was linked to a reduced risk of brain disorder.Although most of us cant expect to become centenarians, Peris is hoping that his work will lead to better ways-perhaps through pharmaceutical interventions based on the
37、genetic clues to longevity-to help more of us live like them.（分数：25.00）(1).By analysing the genes of centenarians, scientists found that A. environment and lifestyle contribute much to longevity. B. centenarians genes are the same as other people. C. many genetic variants may identify centenarians.
38、D. 19 genetic profiles of centenarians are different from others.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2? A. Chronic diseases are complex genetic puzzles to scientists. B. How exceptional longevity-related genes traction is known. C. Most centenarians have except
39、ional longevity-related genes. D. The integration of genes and environmental factors is important.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Perls may most likely agree that A. most extremely long-lived benefit from not smoking. B. environmental factors play an important role in longevity. C. longevity is only associated
40、 with certain genetic profiles. D. intellectually active has nothing to do with living an old age.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(4).By referring to current genetic findings of Perls, the author intends to A. support the idea that extremely longevity are ascribed to genes. B. show some genes are associated with l
41、ower rates of certain diseases. C. support the idea that common genes are related to extremely longevity. D. discuss the relationship between genes and certain diseases.（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following would be the best title for this text? A. Genes, the Secret of Longevity B. Environment
42、 and Genes C. Lifestyle and Genes D. Genes May Predict Who Lives to 100（分数：5.00）A.B.C.D.In response to scandals rocking the student loan industry, the House has quickly passed reform legislation to require more disclosure from lenders as well as university codes of conduct, and Senate action is expe
43、cted. But the larger issues of rising college costs and students increasing dependence on private loans have, for the moment at least, taken a back seat.Yet that doesnt mean theyve gone away. College costs have risen far faster than inflation and also outpaced the growth of grant aid and federal loa
44、ns. Pell grants, for example, which provide money to low-income students, covered nearly 60 percent of the cost of attending a public four-year school in 1986, but by 2005, their value had dropped to 33 percent of the cost, according to the College Board. As a result, more students must turn to cost
45、ly private loans to finance their education or not go at all.The cost of information technology, the increasing salaries of tenured professors, and even federal loans themselves have all been blamed for college tuition hikes. On the last point, an analysis by the Cato Institute suggests that when ai
46、d is provided by the federal government, states and universities reduce their own efforts to make college affordable.Whatever the causes, the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, an independent committee created by Congress, estimates that 400,000 students who are qualified to attend
47、a four-year college dont do so each year because of financial restrictions. The committee estimates that roughly 40 percent of this group does not attend college at all, which significantly limits future earnings. Many students who do go to college face daunting piles of debt. The College Board esti
48、mates that the median debt level of bachelors degree recipients was 19,300 in the 2003-04 school year.In his fiscal 2008 budget, President Bush proposed increasing the maximum Pell grant award to 5,400 by 2012 from 4,050 today, a change he would pay for with cuts in other loan programs. Even though
49、the scandals are dominating most of the current discussions on Capitol Hill, some education experts praise the fact that student loans are getting any attention at all. Stephen Burd, a senior research fellow at the New America Foundation, says, “This is the first time everyone is dealing with the reality of the fact that private loans have become essential financing for undergraduates.“（分数：25.00）(1).The reform legislation might result in A
