1、考研英语 78及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of reality, b
2、ut according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind spot“ mo
3、del causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the street will n
4、ot turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen. These m
5、ental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it is very s
6、mall and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：1.00）(1). Mental models guide our perceptions and help us make predictions. Most of our mental models are built 1 the structure of our nervous systems, and we are usually 2 of them. We 3 the world not according to direct knowledge of rea
7、lity, but according to mental models, which people often mistake 4 reality. For example, we all share a built-in mental model that the world is continuous, 5 our eyes tell us differently. This built-in mental model tells us what to “see“ in a part of the eye that doesnt 6 see anything. This “blind s
8、pot“ model causes us to 7 made-up information (a continuation of surrounding patterns ) and 8 that if we look at a previously hidden spot, it will look like its 9 . Not all mental models are built in; some we learn or 10 . For example, most people believe that the automobiles driving down the street
9、 will not turn 11 the sidewalk and hit pedestrians. If we believe 12 , we would act like 13 squirrels, always stopping to look around and proceeding 14 no automobiles were operating nearby. We use mental models of our surroundings to perceive what we believe to be 15 and to predict what may happen.
10、These mental models 16 to our surroundings-we have mental models of objects ,of the environment ,and of other people-and to our own capabilities and 17 All of our mental models are, unfortunately, approximations 18 in the lump of nervous tissue we call the brain. Sophisticated 19 the brain is, it is
11、 very small and simple compared with the 20 of the outside world. （分数：0.05）A.byB.forC.intoD.onA.independentB.insensitiveC.unawareD.unobservantA.unlessB.whenC.ifD.thoughA.finallyB.ultimatelyC.basicallyD.actuallyA.discloseB.perceiveC.conceiveD.conveyA.advocatesB.verifiesC.predictsD.preachesA.backgroun
12、dsB.surroundingsC.circumstancesD.environmentsA.make outB.make upC.work outD.work upA.overB.acrossC.intoD.ontoA.steadilyB.firmlyC.otherwiseD.crosswiseA.dazzledB.agitatedC.amusedD.frightenedA.only thatB.only ifC.except thatD.if onlyA.exploreB.interpretC.analyzeD.conquerA.trueB.genuineC.logicalD.virtua
13、lA.applyB.complyC.supplyD.implyA.fantasiesB.efficienciesC.proficienciesD.tendenciesA.containedB.rootedC.involvedD.buriedA.thatB.asC.ifD.soA.necessitiesB.infinitiesC.complexitiesD.perplexitiesA.withB.aboutC.byD.for二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and
14、 write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1)
15、describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen c
16、onsumption) exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车) to reap the rewards. But the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon generals office has recently emb
17、raced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow“ training. Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snails pace-making each “rep“(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely
18、 place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits are often dramatic. Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance
19、for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on-you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depriving yourself of impetus, the weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you can
20、t complete a rep. Then you sustain your vain effort for 10 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle. Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally. But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the workout, it can become almost pleasure. The goal is not to burn calories while youre exe
21、rcising but to make your body burn them all the time. Running a few miles many make you sweat, but it expends only 100 calories per mile, and it doesnt stimulate much bone or muscle development. Strength training doesnt burn many calories, either. But when you push a muscle to failure, you set off a
22、 pour of physiological changes. As the muscle recovers over several days, it will thicken-and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance. By the time you add three pounds of muscle, your body requires an extra 9,000 calories a month just to break even. Hold your diet steady and, very quickly, you
23、are vaporizing body fat. One might have benefited from any strength-training program. But advocates insist the slow technique is safer and more effective than traditional methods. （分数：1.00）(1).Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years by virtue of（分数：0.20）A.Many Americans have taken to treadm
24、ill for years by virtue ofB.its greater consumption of oxygen.C.the compliment paid by authorities.D.the actual benefits from the exercise.(2).According to the author,“ Super Slow“ training（分数：0.20）A.has been misunderstood for decades.B.has been widely accepted recentlyC.has been the basis of weight
25、 lifting.D.has become the nucleus of aerobics.(3).The phrase “to break even“ ( Line 7, Par. 3 ) most probably means（分数：0.20）A.to upset physical energy balance.B.to disturb the calmness of the body.C.to gain a greater profit than a lossD.to make neither a profit nor a loss.(4).In practicing slow lift
26、ing, one has to（分数：0.20）A.complete each rep with great demands for his muscles.B.bear the unendurable reaction caused by the training.C.suffer the bitter effect called forth by the exercise.D.exert unusual pressure on his legs and shoulders.(5). Slow weight lifters are required to make each rep（分数：0
27、.20）A.without using any driving force.B.without movement of their bodyC.with unbearable iron weights.D.with the feeling of muscle failure.No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?“ Senator Robert Dole
28、asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?“ At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 19
29、90. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin,56,who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the
30、 stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. L
31、evin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,“
32、 he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.“ Levin would n
33、ot comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that“ music is not the cause of societys ills“ and even cited his
34、son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the“ balanced struggle“ between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of poten
35、tially objectionable music. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally
36、unlimited,“ says Luce.“I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.“ （分数：1.00）(1).Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _.（分数：0.25）A.its raising of the corporate stock priceB.its self-examination of soulC.its neglect of
37、 social responsibilityD.its emphasis on creative freedom(2). According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE ? _.（分数：0.25）A.Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B.Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.C.Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D.Steve Ross is no longer alive.(3).
38、 In face of the recent attacks on the company , the chairman _.（分数：0.25）A.stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB.softened his tone and adopted some new policyC.changed his attitude and yielded to objectionD.received more support from the 15-member board(4). The best title for this
39、passage could be _.（分数：0.25）A.A Company under FireB.A Debate on Moral DeclineC.A Lawful Outlet of Street CultureD.A Form of Creative FreedomAmericans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such comm
40、and themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter - culture as responsible for the decline of formal
41、English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom“, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than t
42、he loss of the case - endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing“, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most we
43、ll regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English,talkings triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with
44、 an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non -standa
45、rd ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry la
46、rge chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old -fashioned to most English- speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over
47、the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china“. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. （分数：1.00）(1).According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English（分数：0.20）A.is inevitable in radical education reforms.B.is but all too nat
48、ural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter- culture.D.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.(2).The word “talking“ ( Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes（分数：0.20）A.modesty.B.personality.C.liveliness.D.informality.(3).To which of the following statements would
49、McWhorter most likely agree?（分数：0.20）A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non - standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.(4). The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author s（分数：0.20）
