1、考研英语 70及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorat
2、ive function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known t
3、hat total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism a
4、gainst diseaseshad crashed. Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose
5、 of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fa
6、tal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseaseshad crashed. （分数：1.00）A
7、.EitherB.NeitherC.EachD.Any二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
8、 . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In such a chang
9、ing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine wh
10、ich expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is
11、cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the e
12、xtended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, t
13、ime-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible
14、to store vast amounts of data in machine readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have ext
15、ended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled Without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilit
16、ated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the
17、 day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power“ may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. （分数：1.00）(1). The word “it“ ( line 3, para. 2) most probab
18、ly refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.the lack of stable communitiesB.the breakdown of informal information channelsC.the increased mobility of familiesD.the growing number of people moving from place to place(2). The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that_.（分数：0.25）A.they have to lear
19、n new things consciouslyB.they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy informationC.they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readilyD.they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family(3). From the passage we can infer that_.（分数：0.25）A.electronic ma
20、il will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messagesB.it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information eraC.people will spend less time holding meeting or conferencesD.events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites(4).We can learn from the last paragrap
21、h that_.（分数：0.25）A.it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possibleB.people should make the best use of the information accessibleC.we should realize the importance of accumulating informationD.it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyOf all the components of a good
22、night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, n
23、eurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural - repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off - line.“ And one leading authority
24、 says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you don t like it, change it.“ Evidence from b
25、rain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“)
26、is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up am
27、ong the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don t
28、 always think about the emotional significance of the day s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the
29、dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unles
30、s they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of
31、working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning. （分数：1.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：0.20）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome
32、of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show（分数：0.20）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（分数：0.20）A.a
33、ggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：0.20）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.d
34、reams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：0.20）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious controlD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimeA
35、s Americas air becomes steadily more contaminated, activities across the nation to cope with smog appear to be lagging further and further behind actual needs despite a rising public clamor for improvement. There has been a considerable progress in the last couple of years. But the over-all picture
36、is that so many localities havent really come to grips with the air pollution problem that people might be dismayed if they knew how their welfare was being trifled with. Air pollution sources are now hurling more than 140 million tons of contaminants into the atmosphere every year, by Federal estim
37、ates. Two years ago it was only 130 million tons. The increase has been caused by many things-more people, more automobiles, more industry, more space heating, little if any reduction that more often than not are inadequate. The adverse health effects of air pollution are becoming more widely recogn
38、ized, although specific medical evidence is still fragmentary. As a psychological annoyance, often called an “esthetic“ factor, it translates into decreased property values. In damage to crops and other plants, its cost is reckoned in millions of dollars; in damage to structures and materials, in bi
39、llions. Federal and state pollution control officials report the following highlight of the current situation. States and localities generally still have penalties for air pollution that are little more than a wrist slap (with fines as low as 10). Enforcement is generally sketchy and weak. And the r
40、emedial procedures are so cumbersome that more and more they are being bypassed by simple lawsuits brought by public officials or citizens. Although Federal law has required auto makers to provide vehicles with fume control equipment, few states have done anything to assure its effectiveness, after
41、a car has left the factory, by providing for regular inspection of the equipment. Public officials in many places still seem to consider bursts of complaints from citizens preferable to complaints they might get from instituting effective air quality programs. Industries and other polluters, such as
42、 municipalities, still exert great influence, opposing or weakening regulatory laws and “packing“ regulatory boards with their own spokesmen. Public resentment over air pollution is growing, as is shown by recurring incidents of picketing (设置纠察员) and increasing number of legal actions. The big Feder
43、al program to combat air pollution, under way for several years, is proceeding fairly close to schedule. But Federal auto-fume regulations will not be very productive for nearly a decade until around 100 million unregulated, older-generation cars have been replaced on the highways. The part of the F
44、ederal effort that deals with stationary pollution sources, like factories, is still largely in an organizational phase, yielding little immediate reduction in fumes. （分数：1.00）(1).The general situation of air pollution has worsened partly because（分数：0.20）A.many local authorities havent grasped the e
45、ssence of pollution.B.a lot of people havent started to deal seriously with the problem.C.a number of places havent located the sources of contamination.D.few health organizations have realized its disastrous consequences.(2). The word “hurling“ in Par. 3 may be best replaced by（分数：0.20）A.generating
46、.B.dumping.C.releasing.D.discharging.(3). Peoples indignation aroused by air pollution is reflected in（分数：0.20）A.repeated demonstrations against steady contamination.B.serial strikes against official neglect of the problem.C.more and more lawsuits against polluters by the public.D.renewing of old ca
47、rs for immediate reduction in auto-fumes.(4).An example of the “esthetic“ factor associated with air pollution would be（分数：0.20）A.a thick mist hiding what would be a fine skyline.B.the destruction of a flower garden by polluted water.C.a layer of dirt accumulated on a buildings windows.D.the poor vi
48、sibility hindering the smooth traffic flow.(5).Public complaints go unattended owing to the（分数：0.20）A.poor representation of common people in Congress.B.politicians yielding to forceful corporate influence.C.preferable establishment of pollution regulatory laws.D.blockade of regulatory boards by polluter spokesmen.Financial engineers dont wear white lab coats. Th
