1、考研英语 6及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, phys
2、ical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nu
3、rture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support
4、systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 .
5、 It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people
6、 get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：1.00）(1). The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider ho
7、w difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take
8、years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of
9、 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for takin
10、g care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their
11、 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：0.05）A.firmB.solidC.latentD.virtualA.intervalsB.delaysC.staysD.pe
12、riodsA.complicateB.confuseC.contriveD.complementA.uncoverB.betrayC.discloseD.revealA.attemptedB.managedC.inclinedD.succeededA.forB.withC.intoD.beforeA.ByB.OnC.ToD.WithA.surpriseB.wonderC.chaosD.confusionA.thatB.whichC.themD.thoseA.affairsB.issuesC.problemsD.mattersA.whetherB.whenC.whereasD.whereverA
13、.littleB.poorC.lameD.properA.concernedB.correlatedC.involvedD.incurredA.kidsB.thingsC.lifeD.mankindA.actionsB.effectsC.influencesD.functionsA.insensitiveB.initiativeC.indicativeD.intuitiveA.specializedB.minimizedC.circularizedD.characterizedA.toB.inC.atD.onA.whyB.howC.whenD.whereA.onB.ofC.fromD.with
14、二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Outline: 1 ) importance of good health 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices Outline: 1 ) importance of good health 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can v
15、anish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“ all too human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
16、 But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative c
17、reatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two y
18、ears teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,
19、their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape with
20、out having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentmen
21、t in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous ndignatio
22、n, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the s
23、pecies had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （分数：1.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（分数：0.20）A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, P
24、aragraph 1 ) implies that（分数：0.20）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.C.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most
25、 probably because they are（分数：0.20）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous than their male companions.(4). Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：0.20）A.pref
26、er grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.(5).What can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain so
27、urce.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Among the many other things it is, a portrait is always a record of the personal and artistic encounter that produced it. It is possible for artists to produce portraits of indi
28、viduals who have not sat for them, but the portrait that finally emerges normally betrays the restrictions under which the artist has been forced to labor. Even when an artists portrait is simply a copy of someone elses work-as in the many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I that were produced during her
29、 lifetime-the never-changing features of a ruler who refused to sit for her court painters reflect not only the supposed powers of an ever-youthful queen but the remoteness of those attempting to depict her as well. Portraits are “occasional“ not only in the sense that they are closely tied to parti
30、cular events in the lives of their subjects but in the sense that there is usually an occasion-however brief, uncomfortable, artificial, or unsatisfactory it may prove to be-in which the artist and subject directly confront each other;and thus the encounter a portrait records is most really the sitt
31、ing itself. The sitting may be brief or extended, collegial or confrontational. Cartier-Bresson has expressed his passion for portrait photography by characterizing it as “a duel without rules“. While Cartier-Bresson reveals himself as an interloper and opportunist, Richard Avedon confesses to a rol
32、e as diagnostician and psychic healer: not as someone who necessarily transforms his subjects, but as someone who reveals their essential nature. Both photographers appear to agree on one basis, however, which is that the fundamental dynamic in this process lies squarely in the hands of the artist.
33、A quite-different example has its roots not in confrontation or consultation but in active collaboration between the artist and sitter. This very different kind of relationship was formulated most vividly by William Hazlitt in his essay entitled “On Sitting for Ones Picture“. To Hazlitt, the “bond o
34、f connection“ between painter and sitter is most like the relationship between two lovers: “They are always thinking and talking of the same thing, in which their self love finds an equal counterpart.“ Hazlitt flashes out his thesis by recounting particular episodes from the career of Sir Joshua Rey
35、nolds. According to Hazlitt, Reynolds sitters, accompanied by their friends, were meant to enjoy an atmosphere that was both comfortable for them and conductive to the enterprise of the portrait painter, who was simultaneously their host and their contractual employee. In the case of artists like Re
36、ynolds, no fundamental difference exists between the artists studio and all those other rooms in which the sitters spin out the days of their lives. The act of entering Reynolds studio did not necessarily transform those who sat for him. Collaboration in portraiture such as Reynolds is based on the
37、sitters comfort and security as well as on his or her desire to experiment with something new, and it is in this “creation of another self“, as Hazlitt put it, that the painters subjects may properly see themselves for the first time. （分数：1.00）(1). In referring to Queen Elizabeth I as “ever-youthful
38、“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.she instructed court painters to portray her younger than she actually was.B.all her portraits available for copying were painted when she was young.C.she intended her portrait to be painted young to reflect her ruling powers.D.artists purposely made her portrait
39、s appear younger than her actual age.(2).The author quotes Cartier-Bresson in order to（分数：0.20）A.refute Avedons conception about a portrait sitting.B.provide one perspective of the portraiture encounter.C.exemplify time restriction of the sitting for portraiture.D.support the thesis on the uncertain
40、ty of a collegial sitting(3).It would be most consistent with the text to infer that Reynolds（分数：0.20）A.may have provided a transforming experience for some sitters.B.must have worked primarily with experienced portrait subjects.C.might have frequently painted portraits at his subjects homes.D.could
41、 have been alone with his sitters while portraying them.(4).Which of the following best characterizes the portraiture experience as viewed by Avedon?（分数：0.20）A.A collaboration.B.A mutual accommodation.C.A consultation.D.A comfortable encounter.(5).A portrait artist operating under the Reynolds examp
42、le would probably disagree that（分数：0.20）A.a portrait sitting often changes the way the sitter views himself/herself.B.portraiture helps both artist and subject to display their vanity.C.a portrait sitting may frequently heighten the sitters self-knowledge.D.portraiture depends more on the subjects i
43、nitiative than on the artists.We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form. that so-and-so is the “last essayist“, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, its stra
44、nge that though two fine anthologies (collections)remain that publish the years best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading publics taste arent always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we eve
45、r find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays ,biography, and all the rest have gone down the drainthe art to build from. Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I t
46、hink, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which arent novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the minds natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise,
47、 somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldnt be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays dont usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap“ to it, a combination of personality and originality and energet
48、ic loose ends that stand up like the nap( 绒毛)on a piece of wool and cant be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, ins
49、tead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels“ than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us. An essayist doesnt have to tell the whole truth
