1、考研英语 697 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that
2、 product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the manufacturing firm is 7 at a profit o
3、r at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 salaries upon graduation and by impl
4、ication, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after 19 a college deg
5、ree. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：1.00）(1). In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical en
6、ergy used in the production of that product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the ma
7、nufacturing firm is 7 at a profit or at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 s
8、alaries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate
9、capabilities after 19 a college degree. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：0.05）A.concludedB.computedC.conductedD.countedA.creationB.distributionC.contributionD.donationA.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothingA.thatB.whyC.whetherD.becauseA.opera
10、tingB.managingC.executingD.maintainingA.argumentB.debateC.quarrelD.disturbanceA.delightfulB.distinctiveC.appropriateD.acceptableA.reflectedB.embodiedC.embracedD.indicatedA.overB.uponC.aboutD.beforeA.plentifulB.extensiveC.abundantD.impressiveA.appreciableB.applicableC.essentialD.inherentA.inB.fromC.w
11、ithD.byA.realisticB.specificC.elasticD.economicA.persuedB.awardedC.receivedD.enjoyedA.thereforeB.howeverC.moreoverD.thereafterA.curiouslyB.graciouslyC.dubiouslyD.obviouslyA.superiorB.interiorC.priorD.inferiorA.earningB.grantingC.conferringD.offeringA.attainB.benefitC.rewardD.favorA.retailB.readyC.ne
12、tD.gross二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Directions: study the following map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) state the information the map graph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on AN
13、SWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVERIESDirections: study the following map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) state the information the map graph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write ab
14、out 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVERIES* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had spr
15、ung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America abo
16、ut the private ownership of productive property as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the
17、earth and its products, raw and transformed. It seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What
18、would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land a
19、nd raise crops, or if I make something useful out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early r
20、adical workingmens movements made (an ownership) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manu
21、facture and exchange account for far more of the productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a n
22、ation-as a world, really-that what is produced is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe tha
23、t the owner can make his claim stick. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, the concept of ownership probably（分数：0.20）A.resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.B.stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.C.arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.D.originated from the undetected distant
24、periods.(2). The author deems private ownership to be（分数：0.20）A.a necessary invention of mankind.B.an inherent right of a human being.C.a permanent arrangement for society.D.an explicit idea of some individuals.(3).Private ownership of property is finally described as（分数：0.20）A.a production of early
25、 mans manual work.B.a demand for greater productivity in industry.C.varying with the shift in public approval.D.denied by socialized production and exchange.(4). We learn by inference that private property may（分数：0.20）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powers.B.be treated as a discovery of our anc
26、estors.C.serve as the universal rule of transactions.D.function as the basis of market economy.(5).One deserves to claim on some product only when（分数：0.20）A.his labor accounts for the product and its value.B.he has the priority to lay claim on the product.C.his labor is widely recognized and respect
27、ed.D.he has the grounds for making claims first.We have to realise how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as “aged“ when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this. Of the really ancient soc
28、ieties, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be- at least, for any future that concerns us now. To these now familiar facts a
29、 number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognised. There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths. There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio- the degree to which those who cannot earn de
30、pend for a living on those who can-is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged. There is the appreciation of the historical truth that the aging of
31、advanced societies has been a sudden change. If “revolution“ is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European so
32、ciety within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts and circumstances had a leading position at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France. There is
33、often resistance to the idea that it is because the birth rate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a v
34、ery much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it. If you are in your thirties,
35、you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now, of course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, really aged societies may include（分数：0.20）
36、A.all developed nations without exception.B.every one of Western European countries.C.Germany, France, and the United Kingdom.D.Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.(2).The author argues that the main cause of aged societies is（分数：0.20）A.not so much the decrease in deathrate as the fall in bir
37、thrate.B.no more the increase in birthrate than that in deathrate.C.not the drop in deathrate any more than the rise in birthrate.D.as much the growth in birthrate as the decline in deathrate.(3).The author asserts his belief that（分数：0.20）A.the growth in number of the old is liable for the fall in t
38、hat of the young.B.the unusual statement about the main cause of aged societies is quite valid.C.the greater dependency of babies is subject to the change in social structure.D.the favorable conditions for continued living are perfect in modern societies.(4).Older societies are superior to younger o
39、nes in that（分数：0.20）A.old people are more dependent than babies.B.children are more handicapped than the aged.C.the inactive aged are more reliable than children.D.infants are more of a handicap than the elderly.(5).The writer is most probably in favor of the statement that（分数：0.20）A.an advanced soc
40、iety is to suffer a gradual change from young to old.B.people near 60 in developed societies may witness social reshaping.C.the world conference about aging was held as a challenge to current policy.D.a man aged thirty can expect to live up to sixty, and a woman still longer.Aimlessness has hardly b
41、een typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for bei
42、ng, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy per
43、sonal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese w
44、orkers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things
45、 that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. “Last year Japan experienc
46、ed 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introd
47、uced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the“ Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much y
48、ou can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization ,fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two- generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and
49、 from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. （分数：1.00）(1).In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_.（分数：0.25）A.under aimless developmentB.a positive exampleC.a r
