1、考研英语 68及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepte
2、d-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determin
3、e their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media prefer
4、ence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We
5、 need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on disput
6、es among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakt
7、hroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wide
8、ly accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain co
9、nclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to fin
10、d out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstandingA.
11、ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.providesD.
12、grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)
13、1. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon carefully and write an ess
14、ay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is need
15、ed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusin
16、g the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research sett
17、ings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medici
18、nes. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such wel
19、l-meaning people just don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father
20、s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middl
21、e school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane car
22、e. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If go
23、od people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal
24、rights.C.warn of the doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement.(2).Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.inhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grand
25、motherly woman is used to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignorance about medical science.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communica
26、te more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.strive to develop new cures.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast in animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and anim
27、als arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated sp
28、ecies subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Ra
29、tes of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility-through commerce, tourism, and travel-greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens t
30、o hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains. Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization
31、by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. W
32、hen human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part t
33、o the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non- indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitativ
34、e evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only afte
35、r having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-exa
36、mined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-for example, which is more “important“: the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movemen
37、t is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than its long-term amount.B.Natural expansions of species account for their slow contractions.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans
38、 mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.is liable for the fast distribution of the Russian wheat pest.B.failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for intr
39、oducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of the last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To
40、 identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D.To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion in species detection.(4).It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C
41、.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likely to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whether the species is considered to be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the m
42、agnitude of the average number of the species.Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as“ steering the economy to a soft landing“ or“ a touch on the brakes“, makes it sound Like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflat
43、ion is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages,
44、central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries e
45、xperienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only ab
46、out 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have
47、been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas ,have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, an
48、d its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful
49、 structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. （分数：1.00）(1). From the passage we learn that _ .（分数：0.25）A.there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB.economy will always follow certain modelsC.the economic situation is better than expectedD.economists had foreseen the present economic situation(2).According to the
