1、考研英语 683及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restora
2、tive function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known
3、that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism
4、against diseaseshad crashed. Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpos
5、e of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent f
6、atal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseaseshad crashed. （分数：1.00）
7、A.EitherB.NeitherC.EachD.Any二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your
8、 view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and
9、 blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family“. Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in
10、what the Americans term “downshifting“ has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all“, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for
11、 a bit of everything. I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of she after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life“, and making the alternative move into “downshifting“ brings with it far greater rewards th
12、an financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time“. In America, the move a
13、way from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well- established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity“-has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for p
14、eople who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivale
15、nt of dropping out. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different
16、reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in th mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your
17、 limitations. （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1 ?（分数：0.25）A.Full-time employment is a new international trend.B.The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C.“A lateral move“ means stepping out of full-time employment.D.The writer was only too eager
18、to spend more time with her family.(2).The writer s experiment shows that downshifting_.（分数：0.25）A.enables her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of lifeC.prompts her to abandon her high social statusD.leads her to accept the doctrine or She magazine(3).“Juggling ones life“ probab
19、ly means living a life characterized by_.（分数：0.25）A.non-materialistic lifestyleB.a bit of everythingC.extreme stressD.anti-consumerism(4).According to the passage,downshifting emerged in the U. S. as a result of_.（分数：0.25）A.the quick pace of modem lifeB.man s adventurous spiritC.man search for mythi
20、cal experiencesD.the economic situationScience is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality, or the relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the
21、 air. In psychology and other sciences, the word “cause“ is often replaced by the term “independent variable“. This term implies that the experimenter is often “free“ to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example, the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strike
22、s the ball). The term “dependent variable“ replaces the word “effect“, and this term is used because the effect depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle). The conventions of science demand that both the independent and depe
23、ndent variables be observable events, as is the case in the ping-pong example. In the case of biorhythm theory, the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a persons date of birth and some test day. The dependent variable is the persons level of performance on some speci
24、fied task on the test day. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual, persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days. In order to predict the relationship between ind
25、ependent and dependent variables, many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly. To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball, Newtonian physics relies on a number of intervening variabl
26、es, including force, mass, air resistance, and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods. It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables, and some ps
27、ychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable. The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax, or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured, and that specify the relationships among indepen
28、dent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a persons birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles. The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable, performance, by stating that positive c
29、ycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels. To summarize, the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories: independent variables, dependent variables, intervening variables, and syntax. （分数：1.00）(1)
30、. Based on the text, causality may have the meaning that（分数：0.20）A.cause and effect can be independent of each other.B.there is hardly anything that happens without a cause.C.dependent and independent variables affect each other.D.cause and effect may vary respectively in most events.(2). According
31、to biorhythm theory,（分数：0.20）A.ones behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birthday.B.nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishes.C.an individuals performance is irrelevant to his or her birthday.D.a persons level of performance varies according to the test date.(3). The
32、word “syntax“ used in the last paragraph refers to the（分数：0.20）A.rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentence.B.principles defining the connections among different variables.C.definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on ones behavior.D.criteria measuring a persons performance lev
33、els with biorhythm.(4). Many theories for predicting the relationship between cause and effect（分数：0.20）A.testify their complete conformity with general scientific principles.B.justify the identity of dependent, independent, and intervening variables.C.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in ter
34、ms of psychological tests.D.verify their prediction by variables inconsistent with conventions of science.(5). The example of the ping-pong ball is used to（分数：0.20）A.predict variations in a persons performance.B.indicate a hard nut to crack in physics.C.prove a common feature most theories have.D.sh
35、ow the negligibility of intervening variables.Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileos 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. T
36、he schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century. Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience“ in several books, no
37、tably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“ The Flight fro
38、m Science and Reason,“ held in New York City in 1995,and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information, “which assembled last June near Buffalo. Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who ha
39、ve questioned sciences objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview. A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities w
40、ho advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological Utopia
41、. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making
42、 their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift
43、, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in th mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-gr
44、owing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1 ?（分数：0.25）A.Full-time employment is a new international trend.B.The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her j
45、ob. C.“A lateral move“ means stepping out of full-time employment.D.The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.解析：见第 1段第 2句。句中的prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career意思是“迫使我离开我的事业”，与 B表示的意思相同。(2).The writer s experiment shows that downshifting_.（分数：0.25）A.enabl
46、es her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of life C.prompts her to abandon her high social statusD.leads her to accept the doctrine or She magazine解析：见第 2段。(3).“Juggling ones life“ probably means living a life characterized by_.（分数：0.25）A.non-materialistic lifestyleB.a bit of ever
47、ythingC.extreme stress D.anti-consumerism解析：见第 3段第 1句。句中提到“juggling your life”与“a build-up of stress”同义，与 “downshifting“反义。(4).According to the passage,downshifting emerged in the U. S. as a result of_.（分数：0.25）A.the quick pace of modem lifeB.man s adventurous spiritC.man search for mythical experie
48、ncesD.the economic situation 解析：见第 5段第 1句。Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality, or the relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air. In psychology and other sciences, the word “cause“ is often replac
