1、考研英语 676及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures. 3) Suggest counter-measures. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures. 3) Suggest counter-measures.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)There are two basic ways to see
13、growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new languageall these are examples
14、 of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitud
15、es and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads ,peo
16、ple need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail“ at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more c
17、hances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly ,and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with
18、 a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then
19、we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making. （分数：1.00）(1). A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when_.（分数：0.25）A.he has given up his smoking habitB.he has made great efforts in his workC.he is keen on learning anything newD.he has tried to determine wher
20、e he is on his journey(2). In the authors eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would_.（分数：0.25）A.succeed in climbing up the social ladderB.judge his ability to grow from his own achievementsC.face difficulties and take up challengesD.aim high and reach his goal each time(3).When the auth
21、or says “a new way of being“ (line 3, para. 3) ,he is referring to_.（分数：0.25）A.a new approach to experiencing the worldB.a new way of taking risksC.a new method of perceiving ourselvesD.a new system of adapting to change(4). For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT_.（分数：
22、0.25）A.curiosity about more chancesB.promptness in self-adaptationC.open-mindedness to new experiencesD.avoidance of internal fears and doubtsWhen a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that
23、he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White
24、House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask
25、that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology
26、. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had fou
27、nd a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to createa human child by adult nuclear cloning“. Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conc
28、lusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human
29、 offspring be for birth) for research or to be for knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were div
30、ided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.“ （分数：1.00）(1).We can learn from the first paragraph th
31、at_.（分数：0.25）A.federal funds have been used in a project to clone humansB.the White House responded strongly to the news of cloningC.NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD.the White House has got the panels recommendations on cloning(2).The panel agreed on all of the followi
32、ng except that _.（分数：0.25）A.the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB.the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more controlC.it is criminal to use private funding for human cloningD.it would be against ethical values to clone a human being(3).NBAC will leave the issue o
33、f embryo research undiscussed because _.（分数：0.25）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completelyB.a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no timeC.privately funded researchers will respond positively to
34、 NBACs appealD.the issue of human cloning will soon be settledWhy do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibil
35、ity project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists
36、 learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social
37、and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then
38、residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, o
39、r put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of
40、world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated
41、to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for r
42、eporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. （分数：1.00）(1). What is the passage mainly about?（分数：0.25）A.Needs of the readers all over the word.B.Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C.Origins of the declining newspaper industry.D.Aims of a journalism credibili
43、ty project.(2).The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be_.（分数：0.25）A.quite trustworthyB.somewhat contradictoryC.very illuminatingD.rather superficial(3). The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their_.（分数：0.25）A.working attitudeB.conventional li
44、festyleC.world outlookD.educational background(4).Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_.（分数：0.25）A.failure to realize its real problemB.tendency to hire annoying reportersC.likeliness to do inaccurate reportingD.prejudice in matters of race and ge
45、nderWell, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. The official statistics are m
46、ildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the
47、19781987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a“ disjunction“ between th
48、e mass of business anecdote that points to leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplaceall that reengineering and downsizingare only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is dr
49、iven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality
