1、考研英语 641及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancell
2、or, will introduce a -|_|-bill that will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a com
3、mittee report this year which said that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord
4、Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|
5、_|-our British judges,“he said. Witness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories i
6、n court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a -|_|-bill that
7、 will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a committee report this year which said
8、that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the
9、 Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|_|-our British judges,“he said. Wit
10、ness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.（分数
11、：1.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such as二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reaso
12、ns.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2
13、 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue superafflue
14、nce as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the worlds people; yet we consume one-third of the worlds resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our
15、resources come more and more from the outside world, “outsiders are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of “our“ resources and “their“ resources, but only of common resources. As Americans consuming such a dispro
16、portionate share of the worlds resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of superaffluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between our level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed.
17、 If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesnt make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the world today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for
18、 still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question were going to have to answer, whether were trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be permitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prosp
19、ect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the worlds resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resources and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people
20、 in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them. （分数：1.00）(1).The writer warns Americans that（分数：0.20）A.their excessive consumption has caused world res
21、ource exhaustion.B.they are confronted with the problem of how to obtain more goods.C.their unfair share of resources should give way to proper division.D.they have to discard their cars for the growing scarcity of oil fuels.(2).According to the text, it has long been believed that（分数：0.20）A.people
22、in poor countries fail to enjoy a higher standard of living.B.people in underdeveloped countries are deprived of better living conditions.C.most Americans know that the worlds resources are going scarce.D.it is impractical for all the people in the world to raise their living standards.(3) It can be
23、 concluded from the text that（分数：0.20）A.the U. S. will be isolated if it clings to pursuing superaffluence.B.the poor countries will no longer supply the U. S. with materials.C.the Americans should care about the well-being of other nations.D.the U. S. is to aid the poor countries in their economic
24、growth.(4).By “common resources“ (Par. 2), the writer means that（分数：0.20）A.the U. S. resources should be enjoyed by other countries.B.Americans are entitled to consume worldwide resources.C.its hard to separate U. S. resources from those of the world.D.the world resources should be used rationally b
25、y all nations(5). The writer gives the example of bread to show that the United States（分数：0.20）A.has been much richer than any other countries.B.has acquired more than what it has contributed.C.has been too greedy in its pursuit of superaffiuence.D.has greater power to grab wealth than other nations
26、.Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a s
27、eries of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur
28、 does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater pr
29、oblems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications
30、over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own fight; but, i
31、n the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to prof
32、essional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referring, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development,
33、separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in loc
34、al societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, howev
35、er, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. （分数：1.00）(1).The growth of specialization in 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.（分数：0.25）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.sociology and psycholo
36、gyD.physics and chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that_.（分数：0.25）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalizationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific communityD.amateurs hav
37、e national academic societies but no local ones(3). The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_.（分数：0.25）A.the process of specialization and professionalizationB.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publicationsD.the discrimination of
38、 professionals against amateurs(4).The direct reason for specialization is_.（分数：0.25）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalizationC.the expansion of scientific knowledgeD.the splitting up of academic societiesOver the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination h
39、ave been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive, alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi finn cal
40、led AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top pe
41、ople have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush s predecessors ( including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.
42、Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of th
43、em really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first yea
44、r in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short -sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged
45、 may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they
46、reach file Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. （分数：1.00）(1). What does the author int
47、end to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?（分数：0.20）A.A kind of overlooked inequality.B.A type of conspicuous bias.C.A type of personal prejudice.D.A kind of brand discrimination.(2).What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?（分数：0.20）A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D.Some form of dis
