1、考研英语 633及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the
2、 period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English populion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generall
3、y thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. Until recently most histori
4、ans spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English popu
5、lion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the
6、period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. （分数：1.00）A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Outline: 1 ) importance of good health
7、 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices Outline: 1 ) importance of good health 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot b
8、e gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past
9、, as Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The
10、myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶醉的 ) personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of persona
11、lity that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modern man, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himse
12、lf of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for.“ There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in t
13、otalitarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about so
14、me dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offe
15、r relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation,
16、 guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（分数：0.20）A.lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence
17、 of unanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpected to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“ mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast
18、 to be caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.the past can help to shape a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the unifo
19、rmity of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid the sense of being isolated and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of Americans results from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the ab
20、sence of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in life.D.the obstruction of achieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably（分数：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer
21、.D.a social historian.Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place
22、where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmate
23、s or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“
24、By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failur
25、e is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with a
26、cademic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doct
27、ors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：0.25）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(2).The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分数：0.25
28、）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3). The selection of medical professionals are currently based on_.（分数：0.25）A.candidates sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer v
29、alues(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：0.25）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development of ones personality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in a
30、 competitive societyEverybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“ all too human“, with the underlying assumption th
31、at other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well. The researchers studied the behaviour of fe
32、male brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than males. Such characteristics make them perfe
33、ct candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambe
34、rs, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctan
35、t to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the
36、 other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable on
37、ly when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous ndignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independentl
38、y in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （分数：1.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（分数：0.20）A.posing a contrast.B.justifying an assumption.C.making a compariso
39、n.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Paragraph 1 ) implies that（分数：0.20）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.C.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D.no animals other than monkeys can d
40、evelop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are（分数：0.20）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous than their male companions.(4). Dr. Brosnan an
41、d Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：0.20）A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.(5).What can we infer from the last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.Monkeys can be t
42、rained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Financial engineers dont wear white lab coats. They dont experiment on rats or perform gas chro
43、matography(气相层析). Their raw material-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe more, in fact, because without the science of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts.
44、 Ideas begin to tribute to human betterment when theyre financed-by venture capital, stock offerings, loans, or buyouts. A smoothly operating financial system showers money on good ideas. Equally important, it cuts off funding to tired ideas and tired companies, so their assets can be employed more
45、efficiently elsewhere. In the 21st century economy, innovation in finance will increase in concert with the increase in competition. Partly because of deregulation and globalization, competition should get tougher, and margins thinner. As products such as home mortgage loans become commoditized, fin
46、ancial- service companies will be forced to get more creative. Financial technology will keep feeding off information technology. The secret to success will be a strong software platform, which will lower the cost of general services while making it possible to create high-margin variations as well.
47、 A few companies that get it right can spin away from the rest and become stronger and stronger. In the new world of finance, size counts. Big companies enjoy economies of scale and name recognition, and they can be safer because their bets are spread across more regions and market segments. The val
48、ue of U. S. bank mergers in the first half of 1998 was greater than that of the three previous years combined. The mergers are occurring across industries as well. At the other extreme will be specialists that survive by doing one thing either very cheaply or exceptionally well. By offering lower prices or better service, specialists will discipline the financial supermarkets; the b
