1、考研英语 622及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANS
8、WER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Sectio
9、n Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in symp
10、athy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganiz
11、ed bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Ev
12、eryone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God
13、,“came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or t
14、he chairman s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone syst
15、em. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a
16、raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understateme
17、nts. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. （分数：1.00）(1).To make your humor work, you should（分数：0.20）A.take advantage of different kinds of audience.B.make fun of the disorganized people.C.address different problems to different people
18、.D.show sympathy for your listeners.(2).The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（分数：0.20）A.impolite to new arrivals.B.very conscious of their godlike role.C.entitled to some privileges.D.very busy even during lunch hours.(3).It can be inferred from the text that public se
19、rvices（分数：0.20）A.have benefited many people.B.are the focus of public attention.C.are an inappropriate subject for humor.D.have often been the laughing stock.(4).To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（分数：0.20）A.in well-worded language.B.as awkwardly as possible.C.in exag
20、gerated statements.D.as casually as possible.(5).The best title for the text may be（分数：0.20）A.Use Humor Effectively.B.Various Kinds of Humor.C.Add Humor to Speech.D.Different Humor Strategies.Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have al
21、ready appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly imp
22、roving account of what happened. “Scientific“ creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time“ in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders hav
23、e come to regard “scientific“ creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his
24、 gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected mo
25、re Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the charity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists wi
26、ll be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“ This book stands for reason itself.“ And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （分数：1.00）(1).“Creationism“ in the passage refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.evolut
27、ion in its true sense as to the origin of the universeB.a notion of the creation of religionC.the scientific explanation of the earth formationD.the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe(2).Kitcherss book is intended to_.（分数：0.25）A.recommend the views of the evolutionistsB.expose the tru
28、e features of creationistsC.curse bitterly at his opponentsD.launch a surprise attack on creationists(3). From the passage we can infer that_.（分数：0.25）A.reasoning has played a decisive role in the debateB.creationists do not base their argument on reasoningC.evolutionary theory is too difficult for
29、non-specialistsD.creationism is supported by scientific findings(4).This passage appears to be a digest of_.（分数：0.25）A.a book reviewB.a scientific paperC.a magazine featureD.a newspaper editorialOf all the components of a good night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a w
30、indow opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the ra
31、ndom byproducts of the neural - repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off - line.“ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harness
32、ed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you don t like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid
33、 eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellec
34、t and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more ba
35、d dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don t always think about the emotional significance of the day s eventsuntil,
36、it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it o
37、ccurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says.
38、 Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel b
39、etter in the morning. （分数：1.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：0.20）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are susceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intend
40、s to show（分数：0.20）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（分数：0.20）A.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist ti
41、ll the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：0.20）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not enti
42、rely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：0.20）A.Lead your life as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious controlD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimeHalf the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015, r
43、esearchers say. Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate. Other languages, such as French, risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization“. But the boom will be over by 2050 and the Engli
44、sh-language teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success, says David Graddol, author of the report, The Future of English. Mr. Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English-language teaching around the world. The lecturer, who has worked i
45、n education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years, said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050. It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision, demog
46、raphic projections, government education policies and international student mobility figures. The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in. Based on its findings, Mr.
47、Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments, especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence, are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.“ “But English predominates in the business world, and
48、 for such countries to be able to compete for work, including lucrative (profitable) outsourcing contracts, English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.“ The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia. But demand for English teaching would drop as
