1、考研英语 616及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, ph
2、ysical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect,
3、nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-suppor
4、t systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15
5、 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help peop
6、le get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：1.00）(1). The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider
7、how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ tak
8、e years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most
9、of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for tak
10、ing care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of the
11、ir 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：0.05）A.firmB.solidC.latentD.virtualA.intervalsB.delaysC.staysD.
12、periodsA.complicateB.confuseC.contriveD.complementA.uncoverB.betrayC.discloseD.revealA.attemptedB.managedC.inclinedD.succeededA.forB.withC.intoD.beforeA.ByB.OnC.ToD.WithA.surpriseB.wonderC.chaosD.confusionA.thatB.whichC.themD.thoseA.affairsB.issuesC.problemsD.mattersA.whetherB.whenC.whereasD.whereve
13、rA.littleB.poorC.lameD.properA.concernedB.correlatedC.involvedD.incurredA.kidsB.thingsC.lifeD.mankindA.actionsB.effectsC.influencesD.functionsA.insensitiveB.initiativeC.indicativeD.intuitiveA.specializedB.minimizedC.circularizedD.characterizedA.toB.inC.atD.onA.whyB.howC.whenD.whereA.onB.ofC.fromD.wi
14、th二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, an
15、d 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The point of the restorationist critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humanki
16、nd as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. However, the writings of the restorationists themselvesparticularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turnero
17、ffer little evidence to support this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jo
18、rdan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natura
19、l world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model,
20、 which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory supports a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to-for example , Turners description of humans as “the lords of creation“, or Jordans statement that “th
21、e fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it“-are not consistent well with the community-participation model. Another holistic modelnamely, that of nature as an organismmight be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the “
22、organic“ model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA),
23、 or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model? In both syste
24、ms humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not me
25、an that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationis
26、t way as a passive object. And though both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, dominationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing. Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn
27、not solely from a consideration of human needs and purposes but from an understanding of the biosphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature. （分数：1.00）(1).The author would probably agree that preservationists（分数：0.20）A.are uncritical of grabbers of
28、 natural resources.B.base their ideas on an impractical dualism.C.share a mind-set with the industrial mainstream.D.suffer unfounded accusation by restorationists.(2).Which of the following best expresses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?（分数：0.20）A.To establish
29、the parameters of a following debate about mans role in nature.B.To identify problem areas under debate ,which are then explored in detail.C.To discuss secondary issues prior to an argument about a primary issue.D.To provide historical backgrounds for current issues of public concern.(3).The restora
30、tionists and dominationists differ in to all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.their conception of the human role in the world.B.their outlook on the property of the physical world.C.their views on restrictions of mans manipulation of nature.D.their awareness of the disastrous effect of human activi
31、ties.(4).In asserting that the organic model might be “more serviceable to the restorationists“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.Jordans ideas dash with the participation model.B.the organic model goes with the principle of restoration.C.the organic model agrees with the preservationists program.D
32、.holistic models are in conformity with the dualist model.(5).The authors primary criticism of the restorationists is that（分数：0.20）A.they assign humans a controlling role over the natural world.B.they reject the most workable model for human beings.C.their critique of preservationism is not well sup
33、ported.D.their program does not coincide with their principles.Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as“ all to
34、o human“, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
35、The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services“ than
36、males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de Waals study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys w
37、ere placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exch
38、ange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.
39、Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.
40、Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous ndignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether su
41、ch a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. （分数：1.00）(1).In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by（分数：0.20）A.posing a contrast.B.ju
42、stifying an assumption.C.making a comparison.D.explaining a phenomenon.(2).The statement “it is all too monkey“ (Last line, Paragraph 1 ) implies that（分数：0.20）A.monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B.resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature.C.monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each
43、other.D.no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.(3).Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are（分数：0.20）A.more inclined to weigh what they get.B.attentive to researchers instructions.C.nice in both appearance and temperament.D.more generous tha
44、n their male companions.(4). Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys（分数：0.20）A.prefer grapes to cucumbers.B.can be taught to exchange things.C.will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D.are unhappy when separated from others.(5).What can we infer from the
45、 last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B.Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C.Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D.Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally
46、 taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably iii patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost
47、 immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“ We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just someth
48、ing that happened in Australia. Its world history.“ The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief; others, including churches, ri
49、ght-w-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the fide is unlikely to turn back. In Australiawhere an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada ,where the right-to-die movement is gathering s
