1、考研英语 612及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the
2、 period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English populion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generall
3、y thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. Until recently most histori
4、ans spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English popu
5、lion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the
6、period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. （分数：1.00）A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Study the following picture carefully
7、and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) de
8、scribe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it
9、had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts
10、 chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, me
11、mbers agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations. NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research t
12、hat involves the cloning of human DNA or cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning. In a draft preface to the recommendations
13、, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be“morally unacceptable to attempt to createa human child by adult nuclear cloning“. Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the h
14、ealth of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled. NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbi
15、ds the use of federal funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring be for birth) for research or to be for knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics
16、not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was s
17、till “up in the air.“ （分数：1.00）(1).We can learn from the first paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.federal funds have been used in a project to clone humansB.the White House responded strongly to the news of cloningC.NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning techniqueD.the White House has got the
18、panels recommendations on cloning(2).The panel agreed on all of the following except that _.（分数：0.25）A.the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a lawB.the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more controlC.it is criminal to use private funding for human cloningD.it would be a
19、gainst ethical values to clone a human being(3).NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because _.（分数：0.25）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completelyB.a law banning human cloning is to be
20、 passed in no timeC.privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBACs appealD.the issue of human cloning will soon be settledHalf the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015, researchers say. Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade
21、 and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate. Other languages, such as French, risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization“. But the boom will be over by 2050 and the English-language teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success, says David Gr
22、addol, author of the report, The Future of English. Mr. Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English-language teaching around the world. The lecturer, who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years, said the m
23、odel charted likely student numbers through to 2050. It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision, demographic projections, government education policies and international student mobility figu
24、res. The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in. Based on its findings, Mr. Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many
25、 governments, especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence, are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.“ “But English predominates in the business world, and for such countries to be able to compete for work, including lucrative (profitable) outs
26、ourcing contracts, English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.“ The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia. But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress thro
27、ugh academia, and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language. Mr. Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050. “English-language students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,“ he said,“ Increasingly, as English spread across the globe,more people
28、will become bilingual, even multi-lingual and such skills are highly prized in business. But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.“ The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading, and the world, far from being dominated by English, was to beco
29、me more multi-lingual. Mr. Graddol said,“ Chinese, Arabic and Spanish are all popular, and likely to be languages of the future.“ （分数：1.00）(1). It is estimated that in a decade English will be（分数：0.20）A.actively studied by over 200 million people.B.freely spoken by global English learners.C.popular
30、with over 80% of world inhabitants.D.really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.(2). According to the text,“linguistic globalization“ will（分数：0.20）A.eliminate French from the globe.B.defeat other European languages.C.fail all languages except English.D.make English the biggest winner.(3).The writer
31、of the report deems that outsourcing is to（分数：0.20）A.result in the increase of English subjects.B.result in the increase of English subjects.C.account for the further spread of English.D.bring about transition in college curricula.(4). David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will（
32、分数：0.20）A.terminate within half a century.B.climax in the middle of the century.C.endure for no less than five decades.D.quit till the beginning of the 2050s.(5).The report “The Future of English“ factored in all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.the educational condition and policy.B.the directions
33、 and designs of Unesco.C.the statistics about populationD.the movements of overseas students.Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The idea of
34、owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive property as
35、a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. It see
36、ms not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and how
37、would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful out o
38、f natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownership) cl
39、aim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of the pr
40、oductivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that what is produced is t
41、he fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim stick. （分数：1.00）(1).
42、According to the text, the concept of ownership probably（分数：0.20）A.resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.B.stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.C.arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.D.originated from the undetected distant periods.(2). The author deems private ownership to
43、be（分数：0.20）A.a necessary invention of mankind.B.an inherent right of a human being.C.a permanent arrangement for society.D.an explicit idea of some individuals.(3).Private ownership of property is finally described as（分数：0.20）A.a production of early mans manual work.B.a demand for greater productivi
44、ty in industry.C.varying with the shift in public approval.D.denied by socialized production and exchange.(4). We learn by inference that private property may（分数：0.20）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powers.B.be treated as a discovery of our ancestors.C.serve as the universal rule of transaction
45、s.D.function as the basis of market economy.(5).One deserves to claim on some product only when（分数：0.20）A.his labor accounts for the product and its value.B.he has the priority to lay claim on the product.C.his labor is widely recognized and respected.D.he has the grounds for making claims first.One
46、 of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international development community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could ne
47、ver expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same time, we in the United States have continued to pursue superaffluence as though there were no limits on how much we
48、 could consume. We make up 6 percent of the worlds people; yet we consume one-third of the worlds resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our own boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, “outsiders are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume
