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    【考研类试卷】考研英语608及答案解析.doc

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    【考研类试卷】考研英语608及答案解析.doc

    1、考研英语 608及答案解析(总分:36.00,做题时间:180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数:1,分数:1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha

    2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla

    3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha

    4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal

    5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate

    6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has

    7、not yet been established. (分数:1.00)二、Section Writing(总题数:1,分数:1.00)2.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)describe the pict

    8、ure and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * (分数:1.00)_三、Section Reading(总题数:4,分数:4.00)To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is liable, no superhuman genius is required. A few simpl

    9、e rules will keep you, not from all errors, but from silly errors. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep

    10、her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Thinking that you know when in fact you dont is a fatal mistake, to which we are all liable. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have strong convictions o

    11、n many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you subconsciously are aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. If someone maintains that two and two are five, or tha

    12、t Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. So whenever you find yourse

    13、lf getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence justifies. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different opini

    14、on. This has one advantage, and only one, ascompared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. Mahatma Gandhi (圣雄甘地) considered it unfortunate to have railways and steamboats and machinery; he would have l

    15、iked to undo the whole of the industrial revolution. You may never have an opportunity of actually meeting anyone who holds this opinion, because in Western countries most people take the advantage of modern technology for granted. But if you want to make sure that you are right in agreeing with the

    16、 prevailing opinion, you will find it a good plan to test the arguments that occur to you by considering what Gandhi might have said in refutation of them. I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue. Furthermore, I have frequently found myself

    17、 growing more agreeable through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. (分数:1.00)(1).The author intends to tell us that(分数:0.20)A.human beings, including those of genius, are liable to foolish errors.B.people can avoid silly mistakes unless they observe common rules.C.it ne

    18、eds average intelligence for us to keep away from silly opinions.D.foolish opinions usually occur to those who rarely commit big mistakes.(2).The example of Aristotle is used to indicate that(分数:0.20)A.observation hinders people from any mistakes.B.great men advance false arguments occasionally.C.pr

    19、imitive apparatuses hamper precise observation.D.realistic investigations are vital to sound judgments.(3).Most people are unlikely to be subject to silly errors(分数:0.20)A.when they do not violate the rules of observation and imagination.B.if they refute their opponents opinions in a fairly reasonab

    20、le way.C.unless they are convinced of their unjustifiable knowledge of things.D.until they reconcile with their opponents through imaginary dialogue(4).According to the text, it is true that(分数:0.20)A.there are various ways to rectify false beliefs in many matters.B.our irritation at opposite views

    21、proves our unconvincingness.C.fierce controversies reveal the incapacity to win either side.D.we should firmly defend our belief as it encounters any challenge.(5).The author tries to convince us of the fact that(分数:0.20)A.an imaginary argument with opponents may avoid foolish errors.B.Mahatma Gandh

    22、i foresaw the harm caused by modern technology.C.an opponents views can be verified by considering Gandhis arguments.D.we have to agree with actual opponents who offer reasonable opinions.The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The succes

    23、s of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system o

    24、f checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the i

    25、mmune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as se

    26、lf-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodie

    27、s passed during lactation ( 哺乳期 ), this so-called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning necessit

    28、ates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers ) act a

    29、s antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means

    30、of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes( 抗原决定基), which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulatin

    31、g an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a persons immune system actually attacking itse

    32、lf (分数:1.00)(1).We know from the text that the immune system(分数:0.20)A.is no less complicated than the nervous system.B.far exceeds the human brain in intricacy.C.is surrounded by numerous sensitive cells.D.results in an effective communications network.(2).The principal task of the immune system is

    33、 to(分数:0.20)A.recognize and reject all alien molecules that enter the body.B.remove all the substances that invade the body organisms.C.defend the body from attacks of different viruses or bacteria.D.identify and specify all non-self molecules it encounters.(3).The main idea of the text may be gener

    34、alized as(分数:0.20)A.the ability of the immune system to distinguish foreign molecules.B.the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body.C.the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation.D.the essential duties of the immune system in the defence of the body.(

    35、4).The remembering power of a persons immune system is(分数:0.20)A.mostly descended from his/her ancestors.B.partially passed down from his/her mother.C.mainly acquired through fighting foreign cells.D.basically generated by communications network.(5).A tissue transplanted from father to daughter woul

    36、d be less acceptable than that transplanted between twins because(分数:0.20)A.the ages of the twins tissues are exactly alike.B.the twins tissues bear the same self-markers.C.the father and daughter are different in sex.D.the twins molecules possess identical memory.There will be a steady trend toward

    37、 vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This m

    38、eans that one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings

    39、 as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady ris

    40、e in meat prices as compared with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another poi

    41、nt is that it is not only energy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, ba

    42、gging and packaging will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in per-c

    43、apita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that w

    44、ill become necessary. From an energy-saving standpoint, it would make far more sense to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogress

    45、ion. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing advance

    46、s in the direction of “sophistication“, in other words. (分数:1.00)(1). We know from the text that(分数:0.20)A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.people

    47、s food preferences conflict with supply and demand.(2).According to the author, deficiency of food inevitably leads to(分数:0.20)A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the positiv

    48、e effect of energy crisis in its(分数:0.20)A.impulse to wholesale dealings.B.solution of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological progress.(4). The shortage of energy will result in(分数:0.20)A.a steady decrease in the feeding of herds.B.a continual drop in recycling used packages.C.a forced return to an early stage of certain jobs.D.a great reduction in the kinds of motor vehicles.(5). The phrase “will have to r


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