1、考研英语 601及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but
2、not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by ot
3、hers. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion
4、clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the bac
5、kground. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants
6、-|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and
7、 physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual a
8、nd emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activitie
9、s in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dyna
10、mics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities s
11、hould be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants -|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitmen
12、t by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. （分数：1.00）A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpre
13、t its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. Yo
14、u should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to
15、 the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by
16、sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheid
17、ippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!“ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competitio
18、n by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality t
19、o his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more
20、 by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually_.（分数：0.25）A.impatientB.considerateC.aggressiveD.agreeable(
21、2).The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because_.（分数：0.25）A.the pressure is too great on the studentsB.some students are bound to failC.failure rates are too highD.the results of examinations are doubtful(3). The selection of medical professionals are currently b
22、ased on_.（分数：0.25）A.candidates sensitivityB.academic achievementsC.competitive spiritD.surer values(4).From the passage we can draw the conclusion that_.（分数：0.25）A.the personality of a child is well established at birthB.family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristicsC.the development
23、 of ones personality is due to multiple factorsD.B-type characteristics can find no place in a competitive societyTo paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical re
24、search because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement targ
25、et biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an
26、 animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that t
27、hey do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such well-meaning people just don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, un
28、derstandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation, a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was n
29、eeded to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal
30、 rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to i
31、ts cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embers of
32、 medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C.warn of the doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement.(2).Misled people te
33、nd to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.inhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignorance about medical scienc
34、e.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communicate more with the publicB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.strive to develop new cure
35、s.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast in animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.All the characteristics and abilities a person acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic, though complex, processes: learning and maturation. Since the t
36、wo processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. Clearly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such
37、as walking, depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them. What, then, are maturation and learning? Developmental psychologists are not entirely in agreement, though there is a common core of accepted meaning. Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or struc
38、tural changes occurring within an individuals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is meant development of the organism as a function of time, or age. Learning has also been defined in diverse ways, but the term general
39、ly refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training procedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training. A number of important and stimulating theories of learning hav
40、e been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specific details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. W
41、e shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion. Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more effectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learni
42、ng it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivation and reward, I believe some learning does occur without them. As for the interrelationships between maturation and learning proc
43、ess, a general principle may be provided: maturation is essential to learning. （分数：1.00）(1).As is stated in the text, learning（分数：0.20）A.is generally a complex physiological process.B.has nothing to do with organic developmentC.is mostly independent of ones surroundings.D.concerns the gaining of kno
44、wledge or skill.(2). A childs development depends on（分数：0.20）A.learning process in particularB.either natural growth or education.C.both physical and mental progress.D.maturation process in the main.(3). The subject discussed in the text mainly belongs to the realm of（分数：0.20）A.psychological biology
45、.B.developmental psychology.C.biological psychology.D.evolutional physiology.(4). Which is NOT true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Physical growth of a child is an attribute of maturation.B.Organic development has close reference to ones age.C.Maturation stems from accumulation of personal experie
46、nce.D.Learning plays a vital role in improving a persons behavior.(5). In the authors opinion,（分数：0.20）A.learning is indispensible to ones advancement.B.few principles of learning are widely approved.C.a child learns nothing unless he has desire for it.D.learning is subject to substantial stimulatio
47、n.Financial engineers dont wear white lab coats. They dont experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析). Their raw material-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe more, in fact, because without the science of finance, all other sciences are jus
