1、考研英语 59 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accept
2、ed-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determi
3、ne their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media prefe
4、rence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. W
5、e need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on dispu
6、tes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “break
7、throughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wid
8、ely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain c
9、onclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to fi
10、nd out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstandingA
11、.ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.providesD
12、.grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00
13、)1. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatl
14、y on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)A “radiative forcing“ is any change imposed on the Earth that affect the planetary energy balance. Radiative forcings include changes in greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and ozone), aerosols in the atmosphere, solar
15、irradiance, and surface reflectivity. A forcing may result from either a natural or an anthropogenic cause, or from both, as in the case of atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which can be altered either by volcanic action or the burning of fossil fuels. Radiative forcings are typically specified fo
16、r the purpose of theoretical global climate simulations. In contrast, radiative “feedbacks“ are environmental changes resulting from climate changes and are calculated from scientific observation. Radiative feedbacks include changes in such phenomena as clouds, atmospheric water vapor, sea-ice cover
17、, and snow cover. The interplay between forcings and feedbacks can be quite complex. For example, an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor increases solar irradiance, thereby warming the atmosphere and, in turn, increasing evaporation and the concentration of atmospheric water vap
18、or. A related example of this complex interplay also shows the uncertainty of future climatic changes associated with forcings and feedbacks. Scientists are unsure how the reduction of ozone will ultimately affect clouds and, in turn, the Earth temperature. Clouds trap outgoing, cooling radiation, t
19、hereby providing a warming influence. However, they also reflect incoming solar radiation and thus provide a cooling influence. Currents measurements indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth. However, scientists do not know how the balance might shift in the future as cloud format
20、ion and dispersion are affected by ozone reduction. Contributing to this uncertainty is the complexity of the mechanisms at work in the process of ozone reduction. The amount of radiation reaching the earths surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect infl
21、uence the Earths temperature in opposite directions. Both mechanisms are affected by the vertical distribution of ozone. Also, the relative importance of these two competing mechanisms depends on the altitude at which ozone changes occur. In a recent NASA-sponsored aircraft study of the Antarctic oz
22、one hole, chlorine monoxide was measured at varying altitudes. The measurements suggest that chlorine plays a greater role, and oxides of nitrogen a lesser role, than previously thought in the destruction of ozone in the lower atmosphere. The study concluded that simultaneous high-resolution measure
23、ments at many different altitudes (on the scale of 0.1 kilometer in vertical extent) are necessary to diagnose the operative mechanisms. These findings have called into question conventional explanations for ozone reduction, which fail to adequately account for the new evidence. (NASA=National Aeron
24、autics and Space Administration 国家航空航天局) （分数：1.00）(1). We learn from the text that the burning of petrol（分数：0.20）A.forms one of anthropogenic causes of radiative forcings.B.results in both radiative forcings and radiative feedbacks.C.can hardly affect atmospheric forcings and feedbacks.D.makes up a
25、significant type of radiative forcing.(2).According to the text ,decreased evaporation is most likely to bring about（分数：0.20）A.a growth in water vapor concentration.B.a drop in atmospheric absorption of solar radiation.C.a decrease in other radiative forcings or feedbacks.D.an increase in atmospheri
26、c cooling effect.(3).The NASA-sponsored study of the ozone hole（分数：0.20）A.failed to demonstrate of the variablity of ozone amounts at varying heights.B.did not raise doubts about current means of measuring ozone reduction.C.neglected to underline the complexity in measuring radiative changes.D.overl
27、ooked the distinction between early theories and recent evidence.(4). The example of ozone reduction is used to show the（分数：0.20）A.complex operations of feedbacks and forcingsB.distinction between radiative feedbacks and forcings.C.difficulty in balancing forcing-feedback interactions.D.impact of cl
28、oud formation on global climate.(5).Scientists could more accurately predict the extent and direction of greenhouse effect if they were to（分数：0.20）A.monitor radiative feedbacks over a longer period.B.focus their research on determining reradiative changes.C.identify the types of the workings of ozon
29、e changes.D.calculate the precise altitude where ozone formations occur.A “greenhouse effect“ will raise the earths temperature enough by the year 2100 to cause dramatic climate changes, increase sea levels and disrupt food production, United States scientists said this week. The earths atmosphere i
30、s heating at a rate that could mean temperature rises of two degrees centigrade by the middle of the 21st century and five degrees centigrade by the year 2100, according to a report issued by the US governments Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Substantial increases in global warming may occur
31、 sooner than most of us would like to believe,“ the EPA said. The agency said the first effects might be felt as early as 1990, because temperatures would be rising more than seven times faster each decade between now and the year 2100 than they had been for the past 100 years. “Temperature increase
32、s are likely to be accompanied by dramatic changes in precipitation and storm patterns and a rise in global average sea level,“ the EPA report said. “As a result,“ the agency said, “agricultural conditions will be significantly altered, environmental and economic systems potentially disrupted.“ The
33、EPA report said the burning of fossil fuels was directly responsible for most of the atmosphere build-up of carbon dioxide but the current concentration is so great that even a worldwide ban on the use of such fuels would delay the warming effect for only a few years. “A warmer climate will raise se
34、a levels by heating and expanding the worlds oceans and causing glaciers to melt,“ the EPA said. The agency estimated that sea levels could rise anything between 48 to 380 cm in the next 120 years. “An increase of even 48 cm could flood or cause storm damage to many of the major ports of the world,
35、disrupt transportation networks, alter underwater ecology systems and cause major shifts in land development patterns.“ One study cited in the report suggested that if the average global temperature rose by 2.5 degrees centigrade, regional climatic conditions might be similar to those during the las
36、t interglacial period 120,000 years ago. During this period, oceans were five to seven metres higher than todays, flooding the shores of Europe and western Siberia and making Scandinavia an island. The agency said that while the warming trend could have some beneficial effects, such as reducing heat
37、ing costs and improving climate and growing seasons in some parts of the world, there would be difficulty in redirecting national economies to adapt to the new climate patterns. The EPA said it seemed unlikely that the nations of the world would reach a consensus on step to reduce carbon dioxide emi
38、ssions. Instead, it urged more research on the greenhouse effect and stressed the need for better planning to cope with the changes the warming trend is expected to produce. （分数：1.00）(1).As a result of the rising of the earths temperature, by 2100（分数：0.20）A.a greenhouse effect will occur drastically
39、.B.worlds climate will defy inhabitation.C.agriculture will be thrown into disorder.D.most coastal cities will be submerged.(2). Which of the following is included in the EPA report?（分数：0.20）A.The greenhouse theory seems controversial.B.World temperature will rise by 7 in 100 years.C.Most people ant
40、icipate slow global warming.D.The global warming rate may be underestimated.(3).Which of the points below is NOT given in the news report?（分数：0.20）A.After all, people will benefit much from the greenhouse effect.B.World nations disagree on ways to lessen CO2 discharge.C.Further study on warming effe
41、ct is strongly recommended.D.Elaborate designing for tackling greenhouse problem is emphasized.(4).The report says that if the use of fossil fuels were banned（分数：0.20）A.the earth might cease getting warmer perceivably.B.the earth would slow its pace of warming evenly.C.the warming process would be a
42、ffected slightly.D.the warming trend would be checked gradually.(5).The EPA warns us that unless the rise in the earths temperature were restrained,（分数：0.20）A.the continents would be flooded within a century.B.economic inadaptation would be inescapable.C.world climate would return to that of the Ice
43、 Age.D.Europe would sink to the bottom of the Atlantic.Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Intemet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the (CIA) was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came
44、to hand in the “great game“ of espionage-spying as a “profession.“ These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well. The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail
45、. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open- source intelligence,“ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 th
46、e CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Bumndi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straifford,
47、 Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straifford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford, com.
48、 Straifford President George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “A
49、s soon as that report runs, we II suddenly get 500 new Intemet singe-ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we 11 hear back from some of them.“ Open- source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That s where Straifford earns its keep. Fridman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several of his staff members have military- intellig
