1、考研英语 56及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorat
2、ive function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known t
3、hat total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism a
4、gainst diseaseshad crashed. Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. -|_|- kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is -|_|- to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose
5、 of non-REM sleep is even more -|_|- . The new experiments, such as those -|_|- for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations -|_|-of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep -|_|-is 100 percent fa
6、tal to rats, yet, -|_|-examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now -|_|- the mystery of why the animals die. The rats -|_|- bacterial infections of the blood, -|_|- their immune systems the self-protecting mechanism against diseaseshad crashed. （分数：1.00）A
7、.EitherB.NeitherC.EachD.Any二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and
8、interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)There will be a steady trend toward vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can
9、provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This means that one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewh
10、ile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far more than food preferences or relig
11、ious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady rise in meat prices as compared with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come abou
12、t because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another point is that it is not only energy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a
13、shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packaging will have to recede. There will have to be at least a partial re
14、turn in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the
15、 delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will become necessary. From an energy-saving standpoint, it would make far more sense
16、 to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogression. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis
17、of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing advances in the direction of “sophistication“, in other words. （分数：1.00）(1). We know from t
18、he text that（分数：0.20）A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.peoples food preferences conflict with supply and demand.(2).According to the author, defi
19、ciency of food inevitably leads to（分数：0.20）A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the positive effect of energy crisis in its（分数：0.20）A.impulse to wholesale dealings.B.solution
20、of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological progress.(4). The shortage of energy will result in（分数：0.20）A.a steady decrease in the feeding of herds.B.a continual drop in recycling used packages.C.a forced return to an early stage of certain jobs.D.a grea
21、t reduction in the kinds of motor vehicles.(5). The phrase “will have to recede“ in Par. 6 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.must be restrained considerably.B.must retreat from the present position.C.will have to be eliminated totally.D.should slip away from the stated point.The essential weakness of th
22、e old and traditional education was not just that it emphasized the necessity for provision of definite subject-matter and activities. These things are necessities for anything that can rightly be called education. The weakness and evil was that the imagination of educators did not go beyond provisi
23、on of a fixed and rigid environment of subject-matter, one drawn moreover from sources altogether too remote from the experiences of the pupil. What is needed in the new education is more attention, not less, to subject-matter and to progress in technique. But when I say more, I do not mean more in
24、quantity of the same old kind. I mean an imaginative vision which sees that no prescribed and ready-made scheme can possibly determine the exact subject-matter that will best promote the educative growth of every individual young person; that every new individual sets a new problem ;that he calls fo
25、r at least a somewhat different emphasis in subject-matter presented. There is nothing more blindly stupid than the convention which supposes that the matter actually contained in textbooks of arithmetic, history, geography, etc. , is just what will further the educational development of all childre
26、n. But withdrawal from the hard and fast and narrow contents of the old curriculum is only the negative side of the matter. If we do not go far in the positive direction of providing a body of subject-matter much richer, more varied and flexible, and also in truth more definite, judged in terms of t
27、he experience of those being educated, than traditional education supplied, we shall tend to leave an educational vacuum in which anything may happen. Complete isolation is impossible in nature. The young live in some environment whether we intend it or not , and this environment is constantly inter
28、acting with what children and youth bring to it. and the result is the shaping of their interests, minds and charactereither educatively or mis-educatively. If the professed educator gives up his responsibility for judging and selecting the kind of environment that his best understanding leads him t
29、o think will be contributive to growth, then the young are left at the mercy of all the unorganized and casual forces of the modern social environment that inevitably play upon them as long as they live. In the educative environment the knowledge , judgment and experience of the teacher is a greater
30、, not a smaller factor, than it is in the traditional school. The difference is that the teacher operates not as a judge set on high and marked by arbitrary authority but as a friendly co-partner and guide in a common enterprise. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the basic fault of old education con
31、sists in（分数：0.20）A.the inadequate supply of specific subject-matters.B.the poor imaginative capacities of educators.C.providing inflexible educational conditions.D.making pupils read textbooks with stale contents.(2).The author agitates reforms chiefly in the（分数：0.20）A.old subject-matter to follow t
32、echnological advances.B.stiff teaching materials and teaching methods.C.prescribed textbooks and unchanging systems.D.general consent about multipurpose texbooks.(3). Pupils may be well guarded against iii social influences as long as（分数：0.20）A.educators discard their liability for the being-educate
33、d.B.teachers have sound judgment to make the right choice.C.instructors help establish conditions favorable to pupils growth.D.schoolmasters function as equal co-operators in a joint business.(4). It seems that new educationalists favor（分数：0.20）A.teaching pupils according to each ones talent.B.intro
34、ducing the latest information to the youth.C.rendering instruction close to pupils experiencesD.supplementing all textbooks with fresh materials.(5).There will be the risk of forming an educational blank if（分数：0.20）A.the rigid school curricula are thoroughly transformed.B.the negative effect of old
35、education is only partly recognized.C.the traditional subject-matter totally substitutes for new one.D.the replacement of unvarying courses with flexible ones fails.In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as t
36、he Web proved to be more than fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because o
37、f doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,“ says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given acce
38、ss to the companys private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull“ customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have dev
39、eloped tools that allow companies to “push“ information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monito
40、rs. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technol
41、ogy has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. Thats a prospec
42、t that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon. com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, ho
43、spitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. （分数：1.00）(1).We l
44、earn from the beginning of the passage that Web business_.（分数：0.25）A.has been striving to expand its marketB.intended to follow a fanciful fashionC.tried but in vain to control the marketD.has been booming for one year or so(2).Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author im
45、plies that_.（分数：0.25）A.the technology is popular with many Web usersB.businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsC.there is a radical change in strategyD.it is accessible limitedly to established partners(3).In the view of Net purists _.（分数：0.25）A.there should be no marketing mes
46、sages in online cultureB.money making should be given priority to on the WebC.the Web should be able to function as the television setD.there should be no online commercial information without requests(4).We learn from the last paragraph that_.（分数：0.25）A.pushing information on the Web is essential t
47、o Internet commerceB.interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersC.leading companies began to take the online plunge decades agoD.setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerFinancial engineers dont wear white lab coats. They dont experiment
48、on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析). Their raw material-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe more, in fact, because without the science of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts. Ideas begin to tribute to human betterment when theyre financed-by venture
