1、考研英语 55及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fre
2、e operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others de
3、pend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the bet
4、ter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices
6、 by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- .
7、 The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give you
8、r reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins ou
9、tside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living
10、 populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as w
11、ell as by human mobility-through commerce, tourism, and travel-greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across phys
12、ical barriers such as oceans or mountains. Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous i
13、nsects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effect
14、ively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Ma
15、ny of these are non- indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often o
16、ccur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thous
17、and acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-
18、for example, which is more “important“: the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than
19、its long-term amount.B.Natural expansions of species account for their slow contractions.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.i
20、s liable for the fast distribution of the Russian wheat pest.B.failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best expre
21、ss the chief purpose of the last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D
22、.To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion in species detection.(4).It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-nat
23、ive species is LEAST likely to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whether the species is considered to be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the magnitude of the average number of the species.U.S. prisons are filled with drug offe
24、nders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost.
25、 The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and
26、 poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the mo
27、ney and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to
28、 use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewe
29、d as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent hav
30、e already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have tr
31、ansferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and s
32、upport agencies there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. pris
33、oners（分数：0.20）A.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are most jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The word “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of
34、smuggling drugs.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C.it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treat
35、ment.(4).There seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D.the impossible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the follow
36、ing EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B.forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C.lessening the fund supply to drugs courts.D.taking reward or punishment measures.When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47- year-old manicurist i
37、sn t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. Most of her clients spend 12 to 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I m a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can
38、do without when they re concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,“ she says. Even before Alan Greenspan s a
39、dmission that America s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue bet
40、ween Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year s pace. But don t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the econ
41、omy s long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt- tightening. Consumers say they re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there s a new gold rush happening in the 4 m
42、illion to 10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,“ says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,“ says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And
43、most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenc
44、ed by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gaze
45、tte, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-90s equivalent of dropping out. While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic dec
46、line-after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s-and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. For the women of my generation who were urged
47、 to keep juggling through the 80s, downshifting in th mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life-growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one-as a personal recognition of your limitations. （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1 ?（分数：
48、0.25）A.Full-time employment is a new international trend.B.The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.C.“A lateral move“ means stepping out of full-time employment.D.The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.(2).The writer s experiment shows that downshifting_.（分数：0.25）A.enables her to realize her dreamB.helps her mold a new philosophy of lifeC.prompts her to abandon her h
