1、考研英语 50及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his fa
2、mily -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also
3、need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kin
4、d are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He m
5、ust use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -|_
6、|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）A.
7、other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWE
8、R SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4
9、，分数：4.00)Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill. This developmentand its strong implications for US politics and economy in years aheadhas enthroned the South
10、as Americas most densely populate region for the first time in the history of the nations head counting. Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million peoplenumerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowes
11、t in American annual records except for the Depression years. Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War , and the pattern still prevails. Three sun-belt statesFlorida, Texas and Californiatogether had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. A
12、mong large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10thwith Cleveland and Washington D. C. , dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, tooand so
13、 did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom“ generation reached its child-bearing years. Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fe
14、wer people, too. Some instances: Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reproved the most rapid growth rate37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population. Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and
15、Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western state with 7.5 million peopleabout 9 per square mile. The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more-bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living th
16、an in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state. In that decade ,however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they choseand still are choosingsomewhat colder climates such as Oregon, I
17、daho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percentlittle more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. （分数：1.00）(1).Di
18、scerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _.（分数：0.25）A.enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB.witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC.underwent and unparalleled period of population growthD.brought to a standstill its p
19、attern of migration since World War (2).The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _.（分数：0.25）A.it stresses the climatic on population distributionB.it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrantsC.it reveals the Americans new pursuit of spa
20、cious livingD.it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterdays “baby boom“(3).We can see from the available statistics that _.（分数：0.25）A.California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole USB.the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the WestC.cities with better
21、climates benefited unanimously from migrationD.Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population(4). The word “demographers“ (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means _.（分数：0.25）A.people in favor of the trend of democracyB.advocates of migration between statesC.scientists engaged
22、in the study of populationD.conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeNon-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-livi
23、ng populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the Un
24、ited States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility-through commerce, tourism, and travel-greatly exceed natural ra
25、tes by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains. Habitat modification can create conditions fa
26、vorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intens
27、ity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapi
28、d spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non- indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or
29、 more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing th
30、e pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information
31、on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-for example, which is more “important“: the entry path of one very harmful species or on
32、e by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than its long-term amount.B.Natural expansions of species account for their slow contractions
33、.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.is liable for the fast distribution of the Russian wheat pest.B.failed to isolate the Rus
34、sian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of the last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.To explain the difficulties in tr
35、acing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D.To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion in species detection.(4).It c
36、an be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likely to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whether the species is considered to
37、be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the magnitude of the average number of the species.Financial engineers dont wear white lab coats. They dont experiment on rats or perform gas chromatography(气相层析). Their raw mat
38、erial-money-isnt as showy as what biologists and physicists investigate. But the innovations they produce will contribute just as much to economic growth. Maybe more, in fact, because without the science of finance, all other sciences are just a bunch of neat concepts. Ideas begin to tribute to huma
39、n betterment when theyre financed-by venture capital, stock offerings, loans, or buyouts. A smoothly operating financial system showers money on good ideas. Equally important, it cuts off funding to tired ideas and tired companies, so their assets can be employed more efficiently elsewhere. In the 2
40、1st century economy, innovation in finance will increase in concert with the increase in competition. Partly because of deregulation and globalization, competition should get tougher, and margins thinner. As products such as home mortgage loans become commoditized, financial- service companies will
41、be forced to get more creative. Financial technology will keep feeding off information technology. The secret to success will be a strong software platform, which will lower the cost of general services while making it possible to create high-margin variations as well. A few companies that get it ri
42、ght can spin away from the rest and become stronger and stronger. In the new world of finance, size counts. Big companies enjoy economies of scale and name recognition, and they can be safer because their bets are spread across more regions and market segments. The value of U. S. bank mergers in the
43、 first half of 1998 was greater than that of the three previous years combined. The mergers are occurring across industries as well. At the other extreme will be specialists that survive by doing one thing either very cheaply or exceptionally well. By offering lower prices or better service, special
44、ists will discipline the financial supermarkets; the big guys know their customers can walk away if they get a raw deal. “There is no way we are going to maximize a short-term transactional benefit at the risk of destroying a long-term relationship,“ says Chase Manhattan Corp. Vice-Chairman Joseph G
45、. Sponholz. Predictably, the biggest winners from financial innovation will be companies, and families that have complex finances. Banks already show signs of losing interest in people who want just plain checking accounts. But as incomes and wealth rise, more people will find themselves thrust into
46、 the role of asset managers. Businesses, too, will have to become more sophisticated-if only to keep pace with financially innovative rivals. （分数：1.00）(1) In comparison with natural scientists, financial engineers（分数：0.20）A.may give even greater impetus to social development.B.can show more attentio
47、n-getting features of their work.C.are more likely to make full use of their raw material.D.will produce as many innovations to advance economy.(2).In the absence of financial support, all scientific concepts（分数：0.20）A.would remain groups of merely impractical thoughts.B.could barely benefit the imp
48、rovement of peoples life.C.should hardly lose venture capital and bank loans.D.might become tired ideas that cannot be implemented.(3).Companies or families may fail in financing if they（分数：0.20）A.defy unfair deals with customers.B.bank simply for interestC.put all their eggs in one basket.D.put all their eggs in one basket.(4). In the current century, financial
