1、考研英语 45 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but
2、not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by ot
3、hers. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion
4、clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the bac
5、kground. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants
6、-|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and
7、 physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual a
8、nd emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activitie
9、s in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dyna
10、mics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities s
11、hould be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants -|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitmen
12、t by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. （分数：1.00）A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write ab
13、out 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Americans no longer expect public figures
14、, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixe
15、d liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter - culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter s academic speciality is language history
16、 and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom“, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case - endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing“, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.
17、 While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real l
18、iveliness. In both oral and written English,talkings triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle
19、, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non -standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we ca
20、n no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old -fashioned to most English- speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledge
21、s that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china“. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one. （分数：1.00）(1).Accordin
22、g to McWhorter, the decline of formal English（分数：0.20）A.is inevitable in radical education reforms.B.is but all too natural in language developmentC.has caused the controversy over the counter- culture.D.brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.(2).The word “talking“ ( Line 6, Paragrap
23、h 3) denotes（分数：0.20）A.modesty.B.personality.C.liveliness.D.informality.(3).To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?（分数：0.20）A.Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B.Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C.Non - standard v
24、arieties of human language are just as entertaining.D.Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.(4). The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the author s（分数：0.20）A.interest in their language.B.appreciation of their efforts.C.admiration for their memory.
25、D.contempt for their old -fashionedness.(5).According to the last paragraph, “paper plates“ is to “china“ as（分数：0.20）A.“temporary“ is to “permanent“.B.“radical“ is to “conservative“.C.“functional“ is to “artistic“D.“humble“ is to “noble“.In a world where bad news has become everyday news, people are
26、 turning to an ancient technique to deal with stress: meditation. At meditation centers, prayer groups and yoga studios around the United States, more and more are finding peace of mind by being quiet: Some use meditation to help deal with life changes; others, to process the painful reality of poli
27、tical and social unrest around the world of the type that has been experienced more recently. Stress from the September 11 terrorist attacks is “probably about 70 percent“ of the reason one Chicago man started meditating and practicing yoga with his new wife. He became so emotionally affected that h
28、e realized he needed help in managing his stress. The yoga classes he takes begin and end with meditation. This “quiet time“ helps him feel a lot more relaxed and gives him more breath control. The fact is,though ,that he is not alone. Across the country, many are turning to more meditative exercise
29、 as they seek both psychological and physiological relief. In addition to helping people work out their stress, these classes bring people together, in the same way that religious services or other community activities have done in the past. Different schools of meditation teach particular technique
30、s, but they share a common basisfocusing attention on something your mind can return to if you are distracted. This may be the rhythm of breathing, an object such as a candle flame loving kindness, or a repetitive movement, as in walking or tai chi (taiji). Regardless of the specific technique or mo
31、de that is followed, meditation has well-documented benefits. Medical research indicates that it causes a sharp decrease in metabolic activity, reduced muscle tension, slower breathing, and a shift from faster brainwaves to slower waves. It also reduces high blood pressure. Practitioners are convinc
32、ed that meditation is good for health because it relaxes the body. For ages, meditation has been a core practice of many groups meeting in their communal or religious centers. However, lets not forget that this is the twenty-first century. So, for those people who are too shy or busy to go to the ne
33、arest meditation center, there are Internet sites that offer online guided meditation. One has a variety of meditations from various religious traditions. At another, Jesuit priests post meditations and readings from the Scriptures every day, and at still another, Buddhist and Hindu practitioners in
34、clude music and visuals to accompany their offerings. These websites allow anyone with a computer access to meditation at any time. The fact is that whether online, at Yoga classes, or at local spiritual centers, more people are turning to the practice of meditation. （分数：1.00）(1).The growing popular
35、ity of meditation results from peoples need for（分数：0.20）A.coping with increasing worries.B.seeking refuge from social unrestC.escaping painful experiences.D.maintaining emotional health(2).The example of one Chicago man shows（分数：0.20）A.the serious impact of terrorism on U.S. people.B.the psychologic
36、al benefits of yoga exercises.C.the immediate effect of yoga and meditation.D.the physical advantage of meditative practice.(3).Meditation today is characterized by（分数：0.20）A.multitude of prayer gatherings.B.availability of online resources.C.a wide variety of its procedures.D.forceful evidence of i
37、ts benefits.(4).The underlying approach of meditative techniques requires（分数：0.20）A.modes identical to religious services.B.restless repetition of a certain prayer.C.continuous movements of tai chi.D.a great deal of mental concentration.(5). The author acclaims the benefits of meditation as（分数：0.20）
38、A.justified by official regulations.B.recorded in documentary sources.C.proved fully by written evidence.D.testified by therapeutic outcomes.A “radiative forcing“ is any change imposed on the Earth that affect the planetary energy balance. Radiative forcings include changes in greenhouse gases (such
39、 as carbon dioxide and ozone), aerosols in the atmosphere, solar irradiance, and surface reflectivity. A forcing may result from either a natural or an anthropogenic cause, or from both, as in the case of atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which can be altered either by volcanic action or the burni
40、ng of fossil fuels. Radiative forcings are typically specified for the purpose of theoretical global climate simulations. In contrast, radiative “feedbacks“ are environmental changes resulting from climate changes and are calculated from scientific observation. Radiative feedbacks include changes in
41、 such phenomena as clouds, atmospheric water vapor, sea-ice cover, and snow cover. The interplay between forcings and feedbacks can be quite complex. For example, an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor increases solar irradiance, thereby warming the atmosphere and, in turn, incr
42、easing evaporation and the concentration of atmospheric water vapor. A related example of this complex interplay also shows the uncertainty of future climatic changes associated with forcings and feedbacks. Scientists are unsure how the reduction of ozone will ultimately affect clouds and, in turn,
43、the Earth temperature. Clouds trap outgoing, cooling radiation, thereby providing a warming influence. However, they also reflect incoming solar radiation and thus provide a cooling influence. Currents measurements indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth. However, scientists do n
44、ot know how the balance might shift in the future as cloud formation and dispersion are affected by ozone reduction. Contributing to this uncertainty is the complexity of the mechanisms at work in the process of ozone reduction. The amount of radiation reaching the earths surface and the amount of r
45、eradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect influence the Earths temperature in opposite directions. Both mechanisms are affected by the vertical distribution of ozone. Also, the relative importance of these two competing mechanisms depends on the altitude at which ozone changes occ
46、ur. In a recent NASA-sponsored aircraft study of the Antarctic ozone hole, chlorine monoxide was measured at varying altitudes. The measurements suggest that chlorine plays a greater role, and oxides of nitrogen a lesser role, than previously thought in the destruction of ozone in the lower atmosphe
47、re. The study concluded that simultaneous high-resolution measurements at many different altitudes (on the scale of 0.1 kilometer in vertical extent) are necessary to diagnose the operative mechanisms. These findings have called into question conventional explanations for ozone reduction, which fail to adequately account for the new evidence. (NASA=National Aeronautics and Space Administration 国家航空航天局) （分数：1.00）(1). We learn from the text that the burning of petrol（
