1、考研英语 3及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous s
2、tructures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients
3、 he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contras
4、t with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to pr
5、opose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as
6、 a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, c
7、laimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left
8、 frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anothe
9、r startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstandi
10、ngA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyzed
11、B.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1
12、.00)1.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following p
13、icture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Modern technology and science
14、 have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials. For the artist this means wider opportunities. There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a mans work. Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along wit
15、h new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture. Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object, to see its various sides superimposed on each other (as in Cubism or in an X-ray). Today, welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past. This new method encourages
16、 open designs, where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself. More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists, but no less influential, are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers, discoveries that have infiltrated recent art, es
17、pecially Surrealism (超现实主义). The Surrealists, in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life, claimed that dreams were the only hope. Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious, they banished all time barriers and moral judgments to combine disconnected dream ex
18、periences from the past, present and intervening psychological states. The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms. Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences. For them, obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the di
19、rect emotional messages of Expressionism. They did not need to smash paint and canvas; they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought. There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life. In a period when science has made revolutionary strides, a
20、rtists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories. But this has rarely been a one-way street. Painters and sculptors, though admittedly influenced by modern science, have also molded and changed our world. If break-up has been a vital part of their expression, it has
21、not always been a symbol of destruction. Quite the contrary: it has been used to examine more fully, to penetrate more deeply, to analyze more thoroughly, to enlarge, isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect. In addition, it sometimes provides rich m
22、ultiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world, but in fact to interpret it. （分数：1.00）(1).We learn from the text that artistic creations（分数：0.20）A.can be seen as the reflection of the material world.B.seem to be incapable of escaping material advances.C.are said to have made gre
23、at strides scientifically.D.appear to be the reproductions of modern technology.(2). The inventions of new materials and welding techniques（分数：0.20）A.are responsible for most of the changes in sculpture arts.B.enable sculptors to superimpose multiple sides of their designs.C.permit details of an obj
24、ect to be magnified and seen clearly.D.provoke artists to make themselves adaptable to the surroundings.(3).The author concludes that（分数：0.20）A.contemporary art has been nourished by modern science.B.the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutual.C.destruction or break-up have been typica
25、l of modern art.D.the arts analysis of our world seems deeper than sciences.(4). The author argues that Freuds studies（分数：0.20）A.are less comprehensible than most scientific inventions.B.are more controversial than any other scientific findings.C.have imposed much interference upon contemporary arts
26、.D.have found their expression in the Surrealisms claims.(5).The Surrealists made every endeavor（分数：0.20）A.to transform real existence into incoherent dreams.B.to diminish all time barriers and moral judgments.C.to express their disconnected subconscious thoughts.D.to substitute direct expressions f
27、or fragmented images.Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization
28、 was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule. Neverthele
29、ss, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training
30、, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geol
31、ogical publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in the
32、ir own fight; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to m
33、ake entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referring, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence o
34、f this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended eit
35、her to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In scie
36、nce generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. （分数：1.00）(1).The growth of specialization in 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _.（分数：0.25）A.sociology and chemistryB.physics and psychologyC.so
37、ciology and psychologyD.physics and chemistry(2).We can infer from the passage that_.（分数：0.25）A.there is little distinction between specialization and professionalizationB.amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of scienceC.professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific com
38、munityD.amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones(3). The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_.（分数：0.25）A.the process of specialization and professionalizationB.the hardship of amateurs in scientific studyC.the change of policies in scientific publicationsD.t
39、he discrimination of professionals against amateurs(4).The direct reason for specialization is_.（分数：0.25）A.the development in communicationB.the growth of professionalizationC.the expansion of scientific knowledgeD.the splitting up of academic societiesThe classic difficulty felt with democracy aris
40、es from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any such unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic). The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in the poetry rather
41、than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of dominant majority. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner as to undermine t
42、he moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of their own course and in the use of their own faculties. Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in that; the underly
43、ing assumption of every kind of government by wisers and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a government treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis of thei
44、r having no rights that the government must take into account. But democracy affirms that people are fit to control themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power-even the power of a majority-can interfere with the lives of p
45、eople. Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence of democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because such limitation is
46、essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy. Respect for the freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. But democracy, unless it is to
47、deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections （分数：1.00）(1).By “the prose of democracy“ ( Par. 1 ) the author most probably mean
48、s its（分数：0.20）A.popular interpretation.B.actual operation.C.ongoing compromise.D.rational limitation.(2). In the authors view, the failure of nondemocratic governments to respect human independence（分数：0.20）A.is in conformity with their basic assumptions.B.interferes with the rights of the minority.C
49、.hinders the achievement of their objectives.D.leads to consequences beyond their anticipation.(3). We can infer from the selection that（分数：0.20）A.democracy in its true sense can scarcely be regarded as realistic.B.democracy has to give up its moral basis for proper compromise.C.democratic governments should respect the rights of the minority.D.democratic governments must weigh the claims of political inferiors.(4).Which of the fol
