1、考研英语 31及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behav
2、i -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-clas
3、s values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Chan
4、ges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rates
6、. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has n
7、ot yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on
8、 ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）
9、_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a
10、 series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they
11、argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry me
12、ans that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“ captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government s Sur
13、face Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the sam
14、e average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the po
15、sition of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?“ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shippers. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hi
16、t with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Stree
17、t cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippe
18、rs fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. （分数：1.00）(1) According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because（分数：0.20）A.cost reduction is based on competition.B.services call for cross-trade coordination.C.outside competitors will co
19、ntinue to exist.D.shippers will have the railway by the throat.(2). What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?（分数：0.20）A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.(3). It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（分数：0.20）A.shippers will be charged le
20、ss without a rival railroad.B.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D.a government board ensures fair play in railway business.(4). The word“ arbiters“ ( line 6, paragraph 4 ) most probably refers to those（分数：0.20）A.who
21、work as coordinators.B.who function as judges.C.who supervise transactions.D.who determine the price.(5) According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by（分数：0.20）A.the continuing acquisition.B.the growing traffic.C.the cheering Wall Street.D.the shrinking market.Few
22、creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating, But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects
23、threaten to do more harm than good. The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesnt help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypts leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High D
24、am. Turkeys bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam. But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods leftall in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt t
25、hat it barely generates electricity. And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual p
26、roblems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardshi
27、p for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed. Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and ir
28、rigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You dont need a dam to be saved. （分数：1.00）(1). The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _.（分数：0.25）A.
29、people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB.the blind could be happier than the sightedC.over-excited people tend to neglect vital thingsD.fascination makes people tend to neglect vital things(2). In paragraph 5, “the powerless“ probably refers to _.（分数：0.25）A.areas short of electricit
30、yB.dams without power stationsC.poor countries around IndiaD.common people in the Narmada Dam area(3). What is the myth concerning giant dams? _.（分数：0.25）A.They bring in more fertile soil.B.They help defend the country.C.They strengthen international ties.D.They have universal control of the waters.
31、(4).What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _.（分数：0.25）A.“Its no use crying over spilt milk“B.“More haste, less speed“C.“Look before you leap“D.“He who laughs last laughs best“A “greenhouse effect“ will raise the earths temperature enough by the year 2100 to cause dramatic climat
32、e changes, increase sea levels and disrupt food production, United States scientists said this week. The earths atmosphere is heating at a rate that could mean temperature rises of two degrees centigrade by the middle of the 21st century and five degrees centigrade by the year 2100, according to a r
33、eport issued by the US governments Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Substantial increases in global warming may occur sooner than most of us would like to believe,“ the EPA said. The agency said the first effects might be felt as early as 1990, because temperatures would be rising more than s
34、even times faster each decade between now and the year 2100 than they had been for the past 100 years. “Temperature increases are likely to be accompanied by dramatic changes in precipitation and storm patterns and a rise in global average sea level,“ the EPA report said. “As a result,“ the agency s
35、aid, “agricultural conditions will be significantly altered, environmental and economic systems potentially disrupted.“ The EPA report said the burning of fossil fuels was directly responsible for most of the atmosphere build-up of carbon dioxide but the current concentration is so great that even a
36、 worldwide ban on the use of such fuels would delay the warming effect for only a few years. “A warmer climate will raise sea levels by heating and expanding the worlds oceans and causing glaciers to melt,“ the EPA said. The agency estimated that sea levels could rise anything between 48 to 380 cm i
37、n the next 120 years. “An increase of even 48 cm could flood or cause storm damage to many of the major ports of the world, disrupt transportation networks, alter underwater ecology systems and cause major shifts in land development patterns.“ One study cited in the report suggested that if the aver
38、age global temperature rose by 2.5 degrees centigrade, regional climatic conditions might be similar to those during the last interglacial period 120,000 years ago. During this period, oceans were five to seven metres higher than todays, flooding the shores of Europe and western Siberia and making S
39、candinavia an island. The agency said that while the warming trend could have some beneficial effects, such as reducing heating costs and improving climate and growing seasons in some parts of the world, there would be difficulty in redirecting national economies to adapt to the new climate patterns
40、. The EPA said it seemed unlikely that the nations of the world would reach a consensus on step to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Instead, it urged more research on the greenhouse effect and stressed the need for better planning to cope with the changes the warming trend is expected to produce. （分
41、数：1.00）(1).As a result of the rising of the earths temperature, by 2100（分数：0.20）A.a greenhouse effect will occur drastically.B.worlds climate will defy inhabitation.C.agriculture will be thrown into disorder.D.most coastal cities will be submerged.(2). Which of the following is included in the EPA r
42、eport?（分数：0.20）A.The greenhouse theory seems controversial.B.World temperature will rise by 7 in 100 years.C.Most people anticipate slow global warming.D.The global warming rate may be underestimated.(3).Which of the points below is NOT given in the news report?（分数：0.20）A.After all, people will bene
43、fit much from the greenhouse effect.B.World nations disagree on ways to lessen CO2 discharge.C.Further study on warming effect is strongly recommended.D.Elaborate designing for tackling greenhouse problem is emphasized.(4).The report says that if the use of fossil fuels were banned（分数：0.20）A.the ear
44、th might cease getting warmer perceivably.B.the earth would slow its pace of warming evenly.C.the warming process would be affected slightly.D.the warming trend would be checked gradually.(5).The EPA warns us that unless the rise in the earths temperature were restrained,（分数：0.20）A.the continents wo
45、uld be flooded within a century.B.economic inadaptation would be inescapable.C.world climate would return to that of the Ice Age.D.Europe would sink to the bottom of the Atlantic.What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early Americabreakthroughs such as the telegraph ,the steambo
46、at and the weaving machine? Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the countrys excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology ;the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“ spatial“ thinking about things tec
47、hnological. Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanic, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. Acute foreign observers related American a
48、daptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported,“ With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline ,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.“ A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium“ system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This
