1、考研英语 2及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted
2、-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine
3、 their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media prefere
4、nce 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We
5、need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on dispute
6、s among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakth
7、roughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widel
8、y accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain con
9、clusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find
10、 out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstandingA.r
11、atherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.providesD.g
12、rantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1
13、.1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments. 1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seek
14、s to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that i
15、s intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Na
16、ncy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law departm
17、ent at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he says.“ We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend
18、to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patient
19、s for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of
20、 pain and the aggressive use of“ ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management t
21、herapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physici
22、ans seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result
23、 in license suspension.“ （分数：1.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.pa
24、tients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally iii patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-
25、dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctors medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS s report, one of the problems in end-of-tire care is（分数：0.20）A.prolonged medical procedures.B.inadequate treatment of pain.C.systematic drug abuse.D.insufficien
26、t hospital care(4).Which of the following best defines the word“ aggressive“ ( line 3, paragraph 7 ) ?（分数：0.20）A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Careless.D.Desperate.(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they（分数：0.20）A.manage their patients incompetently.B.give patients more medi
27、cine than needed.C.reduce drug dosages for their patients.D.prolong the needless suffering of the patients.Science-fiction movies can serve as myths about the future and thus give some assurance about it. Whether the film is 2001 or Star Wars, such movies tell about progress that will expand mans po
28、wers and his experiences beyond anything now believed possible, while they assure us that all these advances will not wipe out man or life as we now know it. Thus one great anxiety about the future-that it will have no place for us as we now are-is alleviated by such myths. They also promise that ev
29、en in the most distant future, and despite the progress that will have occurred in the material world, mans basic concerns will be the same, and the struggle of good against evil-the central moral problem of our time-will not have lost its importance. Past and future are the lasting dimensions of ou
30、r lives: the present is but a brief moment. So these visions about the future also contain our past; in Star Wars, battles are fought around issues that also motivated man in the past. Thus, any vision about the future is really based on visions of the past, because that is all we can know for certa
31、in. As our religious myths about the future never went beyond Judgment Day, so our modern myths about the future cannot go beyond the search for lifes deeper meaning. The reason is that only as long as the choice between good and evil remains mans supreme moral problem does life retain that special
32、dignity that derives from our ability to choose between the two. A world in which this conflict has been permanently resolved eliminates man as we know him. It might be a universe peopled by angels, but it has no place for man. The moving picture is a visual art, based on sight. Speaking to our visi
33、on, it ought to provide us with the visions enabling us to live the good life; it ought to give us insight into ourselves. About a hundred years ago, Tolstoy wrote,“ Art is a human activity having for its purpose the transmission to others of the highest and best feelings to which men have risen.“ L
34、ater, Robert Frost defined poetry as “beginning in delight and ending in wisdom.“ Thus it might be said that the state of the art of the moving image can be assessed by the degree to which it meets the mythopoetic task of giving us myths suitable to live by in our time-visions that transmit to us th
35、e highest and best feelings to which men have risen-and by how well the moving images give us that delight which leads to wisdom. Let us hope that the art of the moving image, this most genuine American art, will soon meet the challenge of becoming truly the great art of our age. （分数：1.00）(1).In the
36、 authors view, science-fiction movies（分数：0.20）A.assure us of the scientific miracles created.B.predict likely advances in human experiences.C.offer invented stories concerning mans fate.D.signify human powers to a fantastic extent.(2).In science-fiction movies, man can find（分数：0.20）A.fantasies that
37、may relieve his anxiety for future existence.B.forecasts that his domination will be extended indefinitely.C.promises that his swelling demands will be fully satisfied.D.assurances that confirm the importance of moral principles.(3). The quotes from Tolstoy are used to（分数：0.20）A.reinforce the author
38、s account about visual art.B.provide fresh points about the moving picture.C.define the basic characteristics of art activities.D.describe the requirements for the art transmission.(4). The movies such as Star Wars（分数：0.20）A.fail to reflect contemporary problems for their transience.B.fail to free t
39、heir subjects from issues of mans concerns.C.succeed in depicting magic scenes irrelevant to the past.D.succeed in offering imaginary visions irrespective of reality(5).The theme of modern myths could be drastically changed（分数：0.20）A.only if the struggle for good life were fully discarded.B.if only
40、the conflict between good and evil had ceased.C.on condition that man as he is now became extinct.D.provided that average people were converted to angels.In a competitive economy, the consumer usually has the choice of several different brands of the same product. Yet underneath their labels, these
41、products are often nearly identical. One manufacturers toothpaste tends to differ very little from another manufacturers. Two different brands of shampoo may vary only in scent or color. And the tobacco in two different brands of cigarettes frequently comes from the same fields. This close similarit
42、y means that a shopper often has little reason to choose one brand over another. Thus, manufacturers are confronted with a problem-how to keep sales high enough to stay in business. Manufacturers solve this problem by advertising. Through advertising, each manufacturing company tries to convince con
43、sumers that its product is special. To do this ,the companies try to appeal to consumers in various ways. In fact, advertisements may be classified into three types according to the kind of appeals they use. One type of advertisement tries to appeal to the consumers reasoning mind. It may offer a cl
44、aim that seems scientific. For example, it may say that dentists recommend Flash toothpaste, or it may declare that Woof dog food contains a special, vitamin-rich ingredient known as K-9, or it may report that laboratory tests show that R. I. P. cigarettes contain fewer harmful ingredients than othe
45、r brands. In selling a product, the truth of advertising may be less important than the appearance of truth. A scientific approach gives the appearance of truth. Another type of advertisement tries to amuse the potential buyer. Products that are essentially boring, such as cleaning powder or insecti
46、cide, are often advertised in an amusing manner. One way of doing this is to make the products appear alive. The advertiser may draw little cartoon eyes, arms, and legs on the cans of cleaning powder and have the resulting figures scrub the sink. Ads of this sort are silly, but advertisers believe t
47、hat consumers are likely to remember and buy the products that the consumers associate with fun. Associating the product with something pleasant is the technique of the third type of appeal. In this class are ads that suggest that the product will satisfy some basic human desires. One such desire is
48、 the wish to be admired by other people. Many automobile advertisements are in this category. They imply that other people will admire you-may even be jealous-when they see you driving the hot, new Aardvark car. This kind of appeal is sometimes strengthened by hiring a famous person to endorse the p
49、roduct. Seeing the famous person, the consumer is supposed to reason thus: Everyone admires Judson Smith the great football star. Judson Smith used Buckworthy Bank travelers checks. Therefore, if I use Buckworthy Bank travelers checks, everyone will admire me too. Some other basic desires that ads commonly try to appeal to are the desires for social acceptance ,financial security, and so on. One only needs to look thr
