1、考研英语 24 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are n
2、eeded for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- their
3、 elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. However,
4、 a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are
5、 needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- the
6、ir elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. Howeve
7、r, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.（分数：1.00）A.eitherB.soC.norD.never二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions
8、. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SH
9、EET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two e
10、qually valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific“ creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time“ in the classrooms whenev
11、er the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific“ creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher s book give a very b
12、rief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the w
13、ays of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the charity and effectiveness of his arguments
14、. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“ This book stands for reason itself.“
15、And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （分数：1.00）(1).“Creationism“ in the passage refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universeB.a notion of the creation of religionC.the scientific explanation of the ea
16、rth formationD.the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe(2).Kitcherss book is intended to_.（分数：0.25）A.recommend the views of the evolutionistsB.expose the true features of creationistsC.curse bitterly at his opponentsD.launch a surprise attack on creationists(3). From the passage we can
17、infer that_.（分数：0.25）A.reasoning has played a decisive role in the debateB.creationists do not base their argument on reasoningC.evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialistsD.creationism is supported by scientific findings(4).This passage appears to be a digest of_.（分数：0.25）A.a book revi
18、ewB.a scientific paperC.a magazine featureD.a newspaper editorialAmericans today don t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical educationnot to pursue knowledge for
19、 the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti- intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.“ Ravitch s latest book, Le
20、ft Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulner
21、able to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil
22、society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti- intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our histor
23、y, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist phi
24、losophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for I0 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twain s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-inte
25、llectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind
26、. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militan
27、tly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“ （分数：1.00）(1). What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：0.20）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Pract
28、ical abilities for future careerD.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2) We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（分数：0.20）A.undervaluing intellect.B.favoring intellectualism.C.supporting school reform.D.suppressing native intelligence.(3).The views of Ravitch and Emerson on s
29、chooling are（分数：0.20）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(4). Emerson, according to the text, is probably（分数：0.20）A.a pioneer of education reform.B.an opponent of intellectualism.C.a scholar in favor of intellect.D.an advoeate of regular schooling.(5).What does the author think of intel
30、lect?（分数：0.20）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.The point of the restorationist critique of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed
31、to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. However, the writings of the restorationists themselvesparticularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turneroffer little evidence to support this
32、accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter ranks humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there
33、 is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationists, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natural world. The crucial question, howeve
34、r, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, re
35、storation theory supports a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up to-for example , Turners description of humans as “the lords of creation“, or Jordans statement that “the fate and well being of the biospher
36、e depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it“-are not consistent well with the community-participation model. Another holistic modelnamely, that of nature as an organismmight be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the “organic“ model pictures nature as a s
37、ystem of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could think of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a m
38、odel that more closely fits the restorationists view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest a
39、uthority and power in the world. Also neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mean that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A furt
40、her parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationist way as a passive object. And though
41、 both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, dominationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing. Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn not solely from a consideration of hu
42、man needs and purposes but from an understanding of the biosphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature. （分数：1.00）(1).The author would probably agree that preservationists（分数：0.20）A.are uncritical of grabbers of natural resources.B.base their ideas
43、 on an impractical dualism.C.share a mind-set with the industrial mainstream.D.suffer unfounded accusation by restorationists.(2).Which of the following best expresses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?（分数：0.20）A.To establish the parameters of a following debate
44、about mans role in nature.B.To identify problem areas under debate ,which are then explored in detail.C.To discuss secondary issues prior to an argument about a primary issue.D.To provide historical backgrounds for current issues of public concern.(3).The restorationists and dominationists differ in
45、 to all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.their conception of the human role in the world.B.their outlook on the property of the physical world.C.their views on restrictions of mans manipulation of nature.D.their awareness of the disastrous effect of human activities.(4).In asserting that the organi
46、c model might be “more serviceable to the restorationists“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.Jordans ideas dash with the participation model.B.the organic model goes with the principle of restoration.C.the organic model agrees with the preservationists program.D.holistic models are in conformity wi
47、th the dualist model.(5).The authors primary criticism of the restorationists is that（分数：0.20）A.they assign humans a controlling role over the natural world.B.they reject the most workable model for human beings.C.their critique of preservationism is not well supported.D.their program does not coinc
48、ide with their principles.The Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-ol
