1、考研英语 246 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, -|_|- this is largely because, -|_|- animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are -|_|- to perceiving those
2、 smells which float through the air, -|_|- the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, -|_|- , we are extremely sensitive to smells, -|_|- we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of -|_|- human smells even these are -|_|-to far below one part in one million. Strangely, som
3、e people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, -|_|- others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate -|_|- smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send -|_
4、|- to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell -|_|- can suddenly become sensitive to it -|_|- to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it -|_|- to keep all smell receptors working all the time but ca
5、n -|_|- new receptors if necessary. This may -|_|- explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. We are not -|_|- of the usual smell of our own house, but we -|_|- new smells we visit someone else s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors -|_|- for u
6、nfamiliar and emergency signals -|_|- the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, -|_|- this is largely because, -|_|- animals, we stand upright. This means that our nose
7、s are -|_|- to perceiving those smells which float through the air, -|_|- the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, -|_|- , we are extremely sensitive to smells, -|_|- we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of -|_|- human smells even these are -|_|-to far below one part
8、 in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, -|_|- others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate -|_|- smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells
9、which sense smells and send -|_|- to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell -|_|- can suddenly become sensitive to it -|_|- to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it -|_|- to keep all smell recept
10、ors working all the time but can -|_|- new receptors if necessary. This may -|_|- explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smellswe simply do not need to be. We are not -|_|- of the usual smell of our own house, but we -|_|- new smells we visit someone else s. The brain finds it best to k
11、eep smell receptors -|_|- for unfamiliar and emergency signals -|_|- the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. （分数：1.00）A.althoughB.asC.butD.while二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you
12、should 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible measures to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following pictures carefully and write an essay entitled “After Picnics“. In the essay you sho
13、uld 1) describe the pictures, 2) give your comment on the phenomena, and 3) suggest possible measures to change them. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to socie
14、ty to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do? It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the r
15、est of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-2. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies whi
16、ch had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was res
17、ponsible for unemployment and the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who said that the States action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemploymentsuch as laying
18、 off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profitstended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statis
19、tics, when the unemployed were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been th
20、e least well-founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the States obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through Social Secu
21、rity. Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and
22、 supported if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work. so that the workless need work rather than just cash? （分数：1.00）(1). It is the authors belief that（分数：0.20）A.unemployment must lead to depression of national econom
23、y.B.the unemployed are the victims of economical development.C.unemployment should be kept under control by industrial forces.D.the unemployed are denied responsibility for technological progress.(2).What the author proposes to examine is whether（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed or the State is liable for u
24、nemployment.B.the State should discard those for their being laid off.C.the unemployed or the State should make work compulsory.D.the State or the individual is to perform his social obligations.(3).The basic disagreement about the essence of work rests on whether or not（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed oug
25、ht to be supported by society as a whole.B.the State realizes that people work for more than just money.C.the jobless are guaranteed regular employment and benefits.D.the State has to secure workers against frequent unemployment.(4).The effect of the 1971-2 unemployment scare was to（分数：0.20）A.arouse
26、 great anxiety about the unavailability of work.B.cause much concern for the benefits to the unemployed.C.make the subject of unemployment controversial again.D.show there being too little work to go round again.(5).According to the author, in the 1971-2 crisis（分数：0.20）A.the State and the employers
27、were equally blameworthy.B.the unemployed did not fulfil their social duty to find jobs.C.the employers role in creating unemployment was concealed.D.the State was guilty of breaking the social contract.It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Sm
28、all wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine
29、50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death-and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as med
30、ical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand eyed thing that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the dise
31、ase and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $ I, 540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to r
32、everse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age-say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“ have a duty to die and get out of the wa
33、y“ so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day OConnor is
34、in her 7Os, and former surgeon general C.Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are
35、 limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly amd dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a natio
36、n, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives. （分数：1.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?（分数：0.20）A.Americans are better prepared for death than other people.B.Americans enjoy a higher life quality tha
37、t ever before.C.Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.D.Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.(2). The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that（分数：0.20）A.medical resources are often wasted.B.doctors are helpless against fatal diseases.C.some trea
38、tments are too aggressive.D.medical costs are becoming unaffordable.(3).The authors attitude toward Richard Lamm s remark is one of（分数：0.20）A.strong disapproval.B.reserved consent.C.slight contempt.D.enthusiastic support.(4).In contrast to the U.S. ,Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care（分数
39、：0.20）A.more flexibly.B.more extravagantly.C.more cautiously.D.more reasonably.(5). The text intends to express the idea that（分数：0.20）A.medicine will further prolong peoples lives.B.life beyond a certain limit is not worth living.C.death should be accepted as a fact of life.D.excessive demands incre
40、ase the cost of health careA “radiative forcing“ is any change imposed on the Earth that affect the planetary energy balance. Radiative forcings include changes in greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and ozone), aerosols in the atmosphere, solar irradiance, and surface reflectivity. A forcing m
41、ay result from either a natural or an anthropogenic cause, or from both, as in the case of atmospheric aerosol concentrations, which can be altered either by volcanic action or the burning of fossil fuels. Radiative forcings are typically specified for the purpose of theoretical global climate simul
42、ations. In contrast, radiative “feedbacks“ are environmental changes resulting from climate changes and are calculated from scientific observation. Radiative feedbacks include changes in such phenomena as clouds, atmospheric water vapor, sea-ice cover, and snow cover. The interplay between forcings
43、and feedbacks can be quite complex. For example, an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor increases solar irradiance, thereby warming the atmosphere and, in turn, increasing evaporation and the concentration of atmospheric water vapor. A related example of this complex interplay a
44、lso shows the uncertainty of future climatic changes associated with forcings and feedbacks. Scientists are unsure how the reduction of ozone will ultimately affect clouds and, in turn, the Earth temperature. Clouds trap outgoing, cooling radiation, thereby providing a warming influence. However, th
45、ey also reflect incoming solar radiation and thus provide a cooling influence. Currents measurements indicate that the net effect of clouds is to cool the Earth. However, scientists do not know how the balance might shift in the future as cloud formation and dispersion are affected by ozone reductio
46、n. Contributing to this uncertainty is the complexity of the mechanisms at work in the process of ozone reduction. The amount of radiation reaching the earths surface and the amount of reradiated radiation that is trapped by the greenhouse effect influence the Earths temperature in opposite directio
47、ns. Both mechanisms are affected by the vertical distribution of ozone. Also, the relative importance of these two competing mechanisms depends on the altitude at which ozone changes occur. In a recent NASA-sponsored aircraft study of the Antarctic ozone hole, chlorine monoxide was measured at varying altitudes. The measurements suggest that chlorine plays a greater role, and oxides of nitrogen a lesser role, than previously thought in the
