1、考研英语 245 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-f
2、ree operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others
3、depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the b
4、etter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the wor
5、k is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practic
6、es by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|-
7、 . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cart
8、oon, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Read the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) state its main idea, and 3) give your comment. You should write abo
9、ut 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Is it possible that the ideas we have today about ownership and property rights have been so universal in the human mind that it is truly as if they had sprung from the mind of God? By no means. The ide
10、a of owning and property emerged in the mists of unrecorded history. The ancient Jews, for one, had a very different outlook on property and ownership, viewing it as something much more temporary and tentative than we do. The ideas we have in America about the private ownership of productive propert
11、y as a natural and universal right of mankind, perhaps of divine origin, are by no means universal and must be viewed as an invention of man rather than a decree (order) of God. Of course, we are completely trained to accept the idea of ownership of the earth and its products, raw and transformed. I
12、t seems not at all strange; in fact, it is quite difficult to imagine a society without such arrangements. If someone, some individual, didnt own that plot of land, that house, that factory, that machine, that tower of wheat, how would we function? What would the rules be? Whom would we buy from and
13、 how would we sell? It is important to acknowledge a significant difference between achieving ownership simply by taking or claiming property and owning what we tend to call the “fruit of labor“. If I, alone or together with my family, work on the land and raise crops, or if I make something useful
14、out of natural material, it seems reasonable and fair to claim that the crops or the objects belong to me or my family, are my property, at least in the sense that I have first claim on them. Hardly anyone would dispute that. In fact, some of the early radical workingmens movements made (an ownershi
15、p) claim on those very grounds. As industrial organization became more complex, however, such issues became vastly more intricate, It must be clear that in modern society the social heritage of knowledge and technology and the social organization of manufacture and exchange account for far more of t
16、he productivity of industry and the value of what is produced than can be accounted for by the labor of any number of individuals. Hardly any person can now point and say, “That-that right there-is the fruit of my labor. “We can say, as a society, as a nation-as a world, really-that what is produced
17、 is the fruit of our labor, the product of the whole society as a collectivity. We have to recognize that the right of private individual ownership of property is man-made and constantly dependent on the extent to which those without property believe that the owner can make his claim stick. （分数：1.00
18、）(1).According to the text, the concept of ownership probably（分数：0.20）A.resulted from the unrecognized ancient history.B.stemmed from the remote prehistoric times.C.arose from the generous blessing of the Creator.D.originated from the undetected distant periods.(2). The author deems private ownershi
19、p to be（分数：0.20）A.a necessary invention of mankind.B.an inherent right of a human being.C.a permanent arrangement for society.D.an explicit idea of some individuals.(3).Private ownership of property is finally described as（分数：0.20）A.a production of early mans manual work.B.a demand for greater produ
20、ctivity in industry.C.varying with the shift in public approval.D.denied by socialized production and exchange.(4). We learn by inference that private property may（分数：0.20）A.be viewed as a design of inventive powers.B.be treated as a discovery of our ancestors.C.serve as the universal rule of transa
21、ctions.D.function as the basis of market economy.(5).One deserves to claim on some product only when（分数：0.20）A.his labor accounts for the product and its value.B.he has the priority to lay claim on the product.C.his labor is widely recognized and respected.D.he has the grounds for making claims firs
22、t.Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Intemet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War and later laid the roots for the (CIA) was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionage-spying as a
23、“profession.“ These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan s vocation as well. The latest revolution isn t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on fo
24、r decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open- source intelligence,“ and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the mos
25、t data about Bumndi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straifford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in
26、Austin, Texas. Straifford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford, com. Straifford President George Friedman says he sees th
27、e online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far comers of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we II suddenly get 500 ne
28、w Intemet singe-ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we 11 hear back from some of them.“ Open- source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That s where Straifford earns its keep. Fridman relies on
29、a lean staff of 20 in Austin.Several of his staff members have military- intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straifford s briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they
30、might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice. （分数：1.00）(1). The emergence of the Net has（分数：0.20）A.received support from fans like Donovan.B.remolded the intelligence services.C.restored many common pastimes.D.revived spying as a profession.(2).Donovan s story is m
31、entioned in the text to（分数：0.20）A.introduce the topic of online spying.B.show how he fought for the U.S.C.give an episode of the information war.D.honor his unique services to the CIA.(3).The phrase“ making the biggest splash“( line 1, paragraph 3)most probably means（分数：0.20）A.causing the biggest tr
32、ouble.B.exerting the greatest effort.C.achieving the greatest success.D.enjoying the widest popularity.(4). It can be learned from paragraph 4 that（分数：0.20）A.Straiffords prediction about Ukraine has proved true.B.Straifford guarantees the truthfulness of its information.C.Straiffords business is cha
33、racterized by unpredictability.D.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information.(5). Straifford is most proud of its（分数：0.20）A.official status.B.nonconformist image.C.efficient staff.D.military backgroundThere will be a steady trend toward vegetarianism. A given quantity of ground can pro
34、vide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This means that one hundred pounds of plant food will su
35、pport ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal food. It is this (far m
36、ore than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady rise in meat prices as compared with other kinds of f
37、ood. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another point is that it is not only energy that is in short
38、supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packaging will have to recede. There wil
39、l have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in per-capita energy use will make it necessary to resort
40、to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will become necessary. From an energy-saving standp
41、oint, it would make far more sense to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogression. Even assuming that Earth is in a desperate ba
42、ttle of survival through a crisis of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing advances in the direction of “sophistication“, in other w
43、ords. （分数：1.00）(1). We know from the text that（分数：0.20）A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.peoples food preferences conflict with supply and demand
44、.(2).According to the author, deficiency of food inevitably leads to（分数：0.20）A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the positive effect of energy crisis in its（分数：0.20）A.impulse
45、 to wholesale dealings.B.solution of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological progress.(4). The shortage of energy will result in（分数：0.20）A.a steady decrease in the feeding of herds.B.a continual drop in recycling used packages.C.a forced return to an ea
46、rly stage of certain jobs.D.a great reduction in the kinds of motor vehicles.(5). The phrase “will have to recede“ in Par. 6 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.must be restrained considerably.B.must retreat from the present position.C.will have to be eliminated totally.D.should slip away from the stated
47、point.The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, thes
48、e cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune
