1、考研英语 238及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancell
2、or, will introduce a -|_|-bill that will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a com
3、mittee report this year which said that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord
4、Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|
5、_|-our British judges,“he said. Witness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories i
6、n court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a -|_|-bill that
7、 will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a committee report this year which said
8、that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the
9、 Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|_|-our British judges,“he said. Wit
10、ness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.（分数
11、：1.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such as二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.In the essay you should 1)describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) In the essay you should 1)d
12、escribe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2)give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words nearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) * （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Why crime has risen so much further and faster in Britain than in any other rich country over t
13、he past half-century is anybodys guess. Maybe its the result of near-American levels of relative poverty and family breakdown combined with a European reluctance to bang up quite such a large proportion of the population as America does. Anyway, the long-term causes are of less immediate interest to
14、 the government than a short-term solution. Popular concern about crime is rising:23% of people rated it as one of the most important issues for the govenment at the beginning of this year;34% do now. An official report concluding that the criminal justice system is failing has added to the governme
15、nts problems. The Audit (审计) Commission, the governments watchdog, says that the police too often charge suspects with the wrong offences, use inaccurate computerized information and face serious inefficiencies in the forensic science (the use of scientific methods by the police) service. Court dela
16、ys alone are costing taxpayers 80m( 120m) a year. The result is that few criminals are brought to justice and even fewer convicted. Only 6% of the more than 5m offences recorded by the police last year resulted in a conviction. Hardly surprising, then, that more than half the public believes that th
17、e criminal justice system is ineffective. The main purpose of the White Paper published last year is to address concerns that the procedures of the court are weighted too heavily against the prosecution, It includes many sensible and uncontroversial proposals. It asks for more support for witnesses,
18、 many of whom are frightened of testifying. A survey of one London court found that, of 140 witnesses called in a two-week period, only 19 actually turned up. Making juries more representative must also make sense. Getting off jury service is too easy. In some London courts, two-thirds of those call
19、ed for jury service fail to turn up. As a result ,juries are often composed of housewives, the unemployed and the retired. The White Paper recommends a check on professionals getting off service, who can excuse themselves by saying their work is too important, and proposes penalties for those who fa
20、il to comply. Other proposed reforms will be more controversial. At present, no defendant can be tried for the same offence twice even if compelling new evidence emerges. The governments plan to scrap that law will be resisted by civil liberties campaigners, as will the proposal that previous convic
21、tions should be disclosed in open court where they are relevant to the case being heard. Whether or not such proposals make it into law, the White Paper did not do much to address public concerns. The reason why 94% of crimes do not result in a conviction is that three-quarters of them are not clear
22、ed up, and so nobody is charged. That is the fault of the police, not the courts; and that is the part of the criminal justice system that the government needs to focus on if it is to make a difference. （分数：1.00）(1).Concerning the reason for the fast growth of crime in Britain,（分数：0.20）A.anybody can
23、 make a guess at it.B.everybody can have his/her ideaC.nobody can know it for certainD.anyone can work it out by guess(2).The author suggests in the 1st paragraph that（分数：0.20）A.the British poverty has exceeded that of the U. S.B.the U. S. divorce rate is less fearful than that of Britain.C.the Brit
24、ish population is mostly protected by government.D.the number of criminals imprisoned in the U. S. is great.(3).It would cause much argument and resistance if（分数：0.20）A.defendants were tried twice for new crimes.B.proposed reforms were all duly implemented.C.previous convictions were uncovered to th
25、e publicD.most offences vanished and criminals sentenced.(4).The failures in British criminal justice system include（分数：0.20）A.the wrong convictions of suspects made in court.B.the absence of effective solutions to crime problems.C.the unrealizable promise of getting tough with criminals.D.the misus
26、e of computerized information by the police.(5). According to the White Paper, the law court（分数：0.20）A.depends excessively on prosecution in trying cases.B.expects to be fair and impartial in convicting criminals.C.judges criminals on enough evidence and witnesses.D.punishes professionals for failur
27、e to fulfil their obligations.It may seem an exaggeration to say that ambition is the linchpin of society, holding many of its different elements together, but it is not an exaggeration by much. Remove ambition and the essential elements of society seem to fly apart. Ambition, as opposed to mere fan
28、tasizing about desires, implies work and discipline to achieve goals, personal and social, of a kind society cannot survive without. Ambition is intimately connected with family, for men and women not only work partly for their families;husbands and wives are often ambitious for each other, but harb
29、or some of their most eager ambitions for their children. Yet to have a family nowadays-with birth control readily available, and inflation a good economic argument against having children-is nearly an expression of ambition in itself. Ambition and futurity-a sense of building for tomorrow-are inesc
30、apable. Working, saving, planning-these, the daily aspects of ambition-have always been the distinguishing marks of a rising middle class. The attack against ambition is not incidentally an attack on the middle class and what it stands for. Like it or not, the middle class has done much of societys
31、work in America;and it, the middle class, has from the beginning run on ambition. It is not difficult to imagine a world stripped of ambition. It would probably be a kinder world:without demands and disappointments. People would have time for reflection. Such work as they did would not be for themse
32、lves but for the collectivity. Competition would never enter in. Conflict would be eliminated, tension become a thing of the past. The stress of creation would be at an end. The family would become superfluous as a social unit, with all its former power for bringing about neurosis drained away. Long
33、evity would be increased, for fewer people would die of heart attack or stroke caused by confused endeavor. Anxiety would be extinct. Time would stretch on and on, with ambition long departed from the human heart. We do not choose our parents, our historical epoch, the country of our birth or the im
34、mediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die;nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But within all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live:courageously or in cowardice, honorably or dishonorably, with purpose or in drift. We decide
35、 what is important and what is trivial in life. We decide that what makes us significant is either what we do or what we refuse to do. But no matter how indifferent the universe may be to our choices and decisions, these choices and decisions are ours to make. We decide. We choose. And as we decide
36、and choose, so are our lives formed. In the end, forming our own destiny is what ambition is about. （分数：1.00）(1).The author holds ambition to be（分数：0.20）A.the intuition of every social member.B.the shared link between social units.C.the vital part of the social machine.D.the essential feature of soc
37、ial elements.(2).Ambition closely relates to family in that（分数：0.20）A.its members hold great expectations of each other.B.its the right place for free revelation of ambitions.C.its what people are driving and competing for.D.it serves as a shelter for concealing ambitions.(3).What distinguishes us o
38、ne from another seems to be（分数：0.20）A.the keen fantasy of gaining honor and fortune.B.the determination of ones goal and way in life.C.the reflection on general indifference to ambition.D.the comprehension of the implications of ambition.(4). The middle class is attacked owing to all of the followin
39、g EXCEPT that（分数：0.20）A.ambition has increasingly become its domain.B.ambition has brought about its emergence.C.its contribution to society has invited jealousy.D.its pursuit of success in life marks its existence.(5).The author believes that without ambition（分数：0.20）A.our world would be stern, cal
40、m and stable.B.our work motives would be unquestionable.C.our life would be much lighter and longer.D.our life would become still and tedious.The classic difficulty felt with democracy arises from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any s
41、uch unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic). The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in the poetry rather than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of domin
42、ant majority. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner as to undermine the moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of th
43、eir own course and in the use of their own faculties. Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in that; the underlying assumption of every kind of government by wisers and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to man
44、age their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a government treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis of their having no rights that the government must take into account. But democracy affirms that people are fit to con
45、trol themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power-even the power of a majority-can interfere with the lives of people. Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence o
46、f democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because such limitation is essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy. Respect for t
47、he freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. But democracy, unless it is to deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections （分数：1.00）(1).By “the prose of democracy“ ( Par. 1 ) the
