1、考研英语 232及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are n
2、eeded for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- their
3、 elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. However,
4、 a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are
5、 needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- the
6、ir elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. Howeve
7、r, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.（分数：1.00）A.eitherB.soC.norD.never二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: study the following map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) state the information the map gr
8、aph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVERIESDirections: study the following map graph carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe oil fields distribution, 2) sta
9、te the information the map graph tends to convey, and 3) give your comment. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) GHANGING NATIONAL FORTUNES IN OIL DISCOVERIES* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence o
10、f an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding th
11、ese words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
12、 Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In t
13、his sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when ones memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it di
14、fficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, sinc
15、e old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot s
16、o little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view,
17、 continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inp
18、ut-output balance. （分数：1.00）(1).From the evolutionary point of view_.（分数：0.25）A.forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptiveB.if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC.the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individuals adaptabilit
19、yD.sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences(2). According to the passage, if a person never forgot_.（分数：0.25）A.he would survive bestB.he would have a lot of troubleC.his ability to learn would be enhancedD.the evolution of memory would stop(3). From the last paragraph we know that_.（分
20、数：0.25）A.forgetfulness is a response to learningB.the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systemC.memory is a compensation for forgettingD.the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs(4). In this article, the author tries to interpret the functio
21、n of_.（分数：0.25）A.rememberingB.forgettingC.adaptingD.experiencingA great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming dang
22、er twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the
23、 interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will b
24、e netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn t the only way
25、to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment
26、 is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why America s Second Wave infrastructu
27、reincluding roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing
28、 would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you re going to be. That doesn t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting fore
29、ign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. （分数：1.00）(1).Digital divide is something_.（分数：0.25）A.getting worse because of the InternetB.the rich countries a
30、re responsible forC.the world must guard againstD.considered positive today(2).Governments attach importance to the Internet because it_.（分数：0.25）A.offers economic potentialsB.can bring foreign fundsC.can soon wipe out world povertyD.connects people all over the world(3). The writer mentioned the ca
31、se of the United States to justify the policy of_.（分数：0.25）A.providing financial support overseasB.preventing foreign capital s controlC.building industrial infrastructureD.accepting foreign investment(4). It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_,（分数：0.25）A.how well-developed it is elec
32、tronicallyB.whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC.whether it adopts Americas industrial patternD.how much control it has over foreign corporationsIn the last half of the nineteenth century “capital“ and “labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many an o
33、ld firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second a
34、nd third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. A
35、t the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the
36、numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, Indi
37、a, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had n
38、o relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a
39、 great civilization. The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation
40、with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such
41、personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two pa
42、rties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. （分数：1.00）(1). Its true of the old family firms that_.（分数：0.25）A.they were spoiled by the younger generationsB.they failed for lack of individual initiativeC.they lacked efficiency compared with modem companiesD.they
43、could supply adequate services to the taxpayers(2).The growth of limited liability companies resulted in_.（分数：0.25）A.the separation of capital from managementB.the ownership of capital by managersC.the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD.the participation of shareholders in municipal bus
44、iness(3).According to the passage ,all of the following are true EXCEPT that_.（分数：0.25）A.the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB.the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersC.the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD.the trade unions seemed
45、 to play a positive role(4). The author is most critical of_.（分数：0.25）A.family firm ownersB.landownersC.managersD.shareholdersIt was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australias Northern Territory became
46、the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably iii patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the
47、 Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the groups on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“ We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnt just something that happened in Australia. Its world history.“ The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief; others, including churches, right-w-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of
