1、考研英语 222及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the
2、 period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English populion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generall
3、y thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. Until recently most histori
4、ans spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English popu
5、lion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the
6、period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. （分数：1.00）A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following cartoon carefully
7、and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the car
8、toon, 2) interpret its main idea, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality, or the relationship between cause an
9、d effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air. In psychology and other sciences, the word “cause“ is often replaced by the term “independent variable“. This term implies that the experimenter i
10、s often “free“ to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example, the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term “dependent variable“ replaces the word “effect“, and this term is used because the effect depends on some characteristic of the in
11、dependent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle). The conventions of science demand that both the independent and dependent variables be observable events, as is the case in the ping-pong example. In the case of biorhythm theory, the independent variable is the number o
12、f days that have elapsed between a persons date of birth and some test day. The dependent variable is the persons level of performance on some specified task on the test day. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual, persons with different dates o
13、f birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days. In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables, many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretic
14、al concepts that cannot be observed directly. To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball, Newtonian physics relies on a number of intervening variables, including force, mass, air resistance, and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bod
15、ily cycles with their specified time periods. It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables, and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable. The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax, or t
16、he rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured, and that specify the relationships among independent variables, intervening variables, and dependent variables. It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a persons birthday to cal
17、culate the current status of the three cycles. The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable, performance, by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels. To summarize, the components of a scie
18、ntific theory can be divided into four major categories: independent variables, dependent variables, intervening variables, and syntax. （分数：1.00）(1). Based on the text, causality may have the meaning that（分数：0.20）A.cause and effect can be independent of each other.B.there is hardly anything that hap
19、pens without a cause.C.dependent and independent variables affect each other.D.cause and effect may vary respectively in most events.(2). According to biorhythm theory,（分数：0.20）A.ones behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birthday.B.nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she w
20、ishes.C.an individuals performance is irrelevant to his or her birthday.D.a persons level of performance varies according to the test date.(3). The word “syntax“ used in the last paragraph refers to the（分数：0.20）A.rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentence.B.principles defining the co
21、nnections among different variables.C.definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on ones behavior.D.criteria measuring a persons performance levels with biorhythm.(4). Many theories for predicting the relationship between cause and effect（分数：0.20）A.testify their complete conformity with general
22、scientific principles.B.justify the identity of dependent, independent, and intervening variables.C.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological tests.D.verify their prediction by variables inconsistent with conventions of science.(5). The example of the ping-pong ball is used
23、 to（分数：0.20）A.predict variations in a persons performance.B.indicate a hard nut to crack in physics.C.prove a common feature most theories have.D.show the negligibility of intervening variables.We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form. that so-and-so is the “last essayist“, but the fa
24、cts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, its strange that though two fine anthologies (collections)remain that publish the years best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays
25、. Such changes in the reading publics taste arent always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, ess
26、ays ,biography, and all the rest have gone down the drainthe art to build from. Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which arent novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the huma
27、n voice talking, its order being the minds natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldnt be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used.
28、 Essays dont usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap“ to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap( 绒毛)on a piece of wool and cant be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a su
29、rface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, instead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels“ than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meanin
30、g. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us. An essayist doesnt have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the trut
31、h; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at alt, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the aut
32、hors mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the minds peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay. （分数：1.00）(1).The au
33、thor asserts that the changes in readers taste（分数：0.20）A.contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.B.often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.C.sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.D.usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.(2). The author suggests t
34、hat if the Stone Age should come up again（分数：0.20）A.the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.B.the art and literature would most totally vanish.C.the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.D.the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.(3). The essayists main task seems to be
35、（分数：0.20）A.the implied revelation and description of the truth.B.the free depiction and modification of their memories.C.the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.D.the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.(4).Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.
36、20）A.careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.B.remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.C.improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.D.flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.(5).What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in（分数：0.20）A.the different amou
37、nt of words used in representation.B.the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.C.the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.D.the variation of arguments about their meanings.Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Edi
38、tors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-s
39、cratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the
40、newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent s
41、urvey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live i
42、n upscale neighborhoods,have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this
43、 elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hi
44、ring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyer
45、s are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. （分数：1.00）(1). What is the passage mainly about?（分数：0.25）A.Needs of the readers all over the word.B.
46、Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.C.Origins of the declining newspaper industry.D.Aims of a journalism credibility project.(2).The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be_.（分数：0.25）A.quite trustworthyB.somewhat contradictoryC.very illuminatingD.rather superf
47、icial(3). The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their_.（分数：0.25）A.working attitudeB.conventional lifestyleC.world outlookD.educational background(4).Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_.（分数：0.25）A.failure to realiz
48、e its real problemB.tendency to hire annoying reportersC.likeliness to do inaccurate reportingD.prejudice in matters of race and genderWhen I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the man
