1、考研英语 209 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his
2、family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may als
3、o need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this k
4、ind are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He
5、 must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -
6、|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）
7、A.other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2) possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection (1) effect of the countrys growing human population on its wildlife (2)
8、 possible reason for the effect (3) your suggestion for wildlife protection* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as“ steering the economy to a soft landing“ or“ a touch on the brakes“, makes it sound Like a precise science. Nothing co
9、uld be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear
10、-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel. Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this Jul
11、y. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s. It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3.5% in 199
12、5. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan, over the past couple of years, inflation has been
13、consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas ,have little productive slack. Americas capacity uti
14、lisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past. Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation i
15、s, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. （分数：1.00）(1). From the passage we learn that _ .（分数：0.25）A.there is a definite relati
16、onship between inflation and interest ratesB.economy will always follow certain modelsC.the economic situation is better than expectedD.economists had foreseen the present economic situation(2).According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（分数：0.25）A.Making monetary policies is comparable
17、 to driving a car.B.An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.C.A high unemployment rate will result from inflation.D.Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.(3). The sentence“ This is no flash in the pan“ ( Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that _.（分数：0.25）A.the low inflation rat
18、e will last for some timeB.the inflation rate will soon riseC.the inflation will disappear quicklyD.there is no inflation at present(4). The passage shows that the author is _ the present situation.（分数：0.25）A.critical ofB.puzzled byC.disappointed atD.amazed atIn the last half of the nineteenth centu
19、ry “capital“ and “labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element an
20、d prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, tho
21、ugh still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had
22、 important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally deta
23、ched from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth an
24、d Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “sharehol
25、ding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relatio
26、ns of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family busin
27、ess now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the ma
28、nagers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. （分数：1.00）(1). Its true of the old family firms that_.（分数：0.25）A.they were spoiled by the younger generationsB
29、.they failed for lack of individual initiativeC.they lacked efficiency compared with modem companiesD.they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers(2).The growth of limited liability companies resulted in_.（分数：0.25）A.the separation of capital from managementB.the ownership of capital by manag
30、ersC.the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD.the participation of shareholders in municipal business(3).According to the passage ,all of the following are true EXCEPT that_.（分数：0.25）A.the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB.the old firm owners had a better understandin
31、g of their workersC.the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD.the trade unions seemed to play a positive role(4). The author is most critical of_.（分数：0.25）A.family firm ownersB.landownersC.managersD.shareholdersTo what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society
32、to work, and how far has the State an obligation to ensure that they have work to do? It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control, and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest
33、 of the community. But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply. The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of 1971-2. Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which
34、had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the Depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round, so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out, and who was respon
35、sible for unemployment and the unemployed. In 1972 there were critics who said that the States action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act, a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker. Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemploymentsuch as laying of
36、f workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximize profitstended to be ignored. And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract, by not fulfilling their duty to society to work. In spite of general concern at the scale of the unemployment statistic
37、s, when the unemployed were considered as individuals, they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect. Of all the myths of the Welfare State, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the l
38、east well-founded on evidence, yet they have proved the most persistent. The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the States obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through Social Securit
39、y. Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service, not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the State, and su
40、pported if necessary? And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work. so that the workless need work rather than just cash? （分数：1.00）(1). It is the authors belief that（分数：0.20）A.unemployment must lead to depression of national economy.B
41、.the unemployed are the victims of economical development.C.unemployment should be kept under control by industrial forces.D.the unemployed are denied responsibility for technological progress.(2).What the author proposes to examine is whether（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed or the State is liable for unem
42、ployment.B.the State should discard those for their being laid off.C.the unemployed or the State should make work compulsory.D.the State or the individual is to perform his social obligations.(3).The basic disagreement about the essence of work rests on whether or not（分数：0.20）A.the unemployed ought
43、to be supported by society as a whole.B.the State realizes that people work for more than just money.C.the jobless are guaranteed regular employment and benefits.D.the State has to secure workers against frequent unemployment.(4).The effect of the 1971-2 unemployment scare was to（分数：0.20）A.arouse gr
44、eat anxiety about the unavailability of work.B.cause much concern for the benefits to the unemployed.C.make the subject of unemployment controversial again.D.show there being too little work to go round again.(5).According to the author, in the 1971-2 crisis（分数：0.20）A.the State and the employers wer
45、e equally blameworthy.B.the unemployed did not fulfil their social duty to find jobs.C.the employers role in creating unemployment was concealed.D.the State was guilty of breaking the social contract.For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption)
46、exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车) to reap the rewards. But the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon generals office has recently embraced streng
47、th training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow“ training. Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snails pace-making each “rep“(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely place extra
48、ordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits are often dramatic. Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg pre
