1、考研英语 199及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、 structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patien
3、ts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contr
4、ast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、 claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the le
8、ft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anot
9、her startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstan
10、dingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyz
11、edB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数
12、：1.00)1.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following
13、 picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The immune system is equal
14、in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and
15、 forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune
16、 defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marke
17、r. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of mole
18、cules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation ( 哺乳期 ), this so-called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of dist
19、inctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each non-self invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another i
20、ndividual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers ) act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their p
21、rimary, non-antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes( 抗原决定基), which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface, some may even
22、carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side ef
23、fects of these diseases are caused by a persons immune system actually attacking itself （分数：1.00）(1).We know from the text that the immune system（分数：0.20）A.is no less complicated than the nervous system.B.far exceeds the human brain in intricacy.C.is surrounded by numerous sensitive cells.D.results
24、in an effective communications network.(2).The principal task of the immune system is to（分数：0.20）A.recognize and reject all alien molecules that enter the body.B.remove all the substances that invade the body organisms.C.defend the body from attacks of different viruses or bacteria.D.identify and sp
25、ecify all non-self molecules it encounters.(3).The main idea of the text may be generalized as（分数：0.20）A.the ability of the immune system to distinguish foreign molecules.B.the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body.C.the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ tra
26、nsplantation.D.the essential duties of the immune system in the defence of the body.(4).The remembering power of a persons immune system is（分数：0.20）A.mostly descended from his/her ancestors.B.partially passed down from his/her mother.C.mainly acquired through fighting foreign cells.D.basically gener
27、ated by communications network.(5).A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than that transplanted between twins because（分数：0.20）A.the ages of the twins tissues are exactly alike.B.the twins tissues bear the same self-markers.C.the father and daughter are different in s
28、ex.D.the twins molecules possess identical memory.With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage ,as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels,
29、five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport ,comedy ,drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual licenee fee of 83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretchin
30、g back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Governme
31、nt, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC including ordinary listeners and viewersto say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to
32、keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporationof whom there are manyare fond of quoting the American slogan “If it aint broke, dont fix it. “The BBC “ aint broke“ ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke ,meaning having no mone
33、y), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channelsITV and Channel 4were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutti
34、ng costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channelsfunded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptionswhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. （分数：1.00）(1).The world famous BBC now faces_.（分数：0.25）A.the problem of news coverageB.an uncertain prospectC.
35、inquiries by the general publicD.shrinkage of audience(2). In the passage ,which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?（分数：0.25）A.Extension of its TV service to Far East.B.Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.C.Potentials for further international co-operation
36、s.D.Its existence as a broadcasting organization.(3). The BBCs “royal charter“ ( line 4, paragraph 4) stands for_.（分数：0.25）A.the financial support from the royal familyB.the privileges granted by the QueenC.a contract with the QueenD.a unique relationship with the royal family(4).The foremost reason
37、 why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than_.（分数：0.25）A.the emergence of commercial TV channelsB.the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC.the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD.the challenge of new satellite channelsU.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the numb
38、er of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United Sta
39、tes is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicting the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alter
40、native that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy
41、wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots an
42、d sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal state), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a dis
43、ease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun
44、 shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004 makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred respo
45、nsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Agency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies
46、 there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But slowly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. prisoners（分数：0.20）A
47、.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are most jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The word “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of smuggling drugs
48、.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs have been produced.C.it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.(4).There
49、seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate about drug abuse.D.the impossible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B.forced demand-side r
