1、考研英语 198及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Outline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestionOutline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestion（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)No company likes to be told it is contrib
8、uting to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers?“ Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?“ At Time Warner, however, such questions are
9、simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line. At the core of this debate is chairman Ge
10、rald Levin,56,who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and r
11、estructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently. The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levi
12、n described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,“ he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude,
13、however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.“ Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing vers
14、es at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that“ music is not the cause of societys ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the“ balanced struggle“ between creative freedom and social responsib
15、ility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns
16、 in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited,“ says Luce.“I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.“ （分数：1.00）(1).Senator Robert Dole criti
17、cized Time Warner for _.（分数：0.25）A.its raising of the corporate stock priceB.its self-examination of soulC.its neglect of social responsibilityD.its emphasis on creative freedom(2). According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE ? _.（分数：0.25）A.Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.B.Gerald Le
18、vin is liable to compromise.C.Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.D.Steve Ross is no longer alive.(3). In face of the recent attacks on the company , the chairman _.（分数：0.25）A.stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB.softened his tone and adopted some new policyC.c
19、hanged his attitude and yielded to objectionD.received more support from the 15-member board(4). The best title for this passage could be _.（分数：0.25）A.A Company under FireB.A Debate on Moral DeclineC.A Lawful Outlet of Street CultureD.A Form of Creative FreedomA “greenhouse effect“ will raise the ea
20、rths temperature enough by the year 2100 to cause dramatic climate changes, increase sea levels and disrupt food production, United States scientists said this week. The earths atmosphere is heating at a rate that could mean temperature rises of two degrees centigrade by the middle of the 21st centu
21、ry and five degrees centigrade by the year 2100, according to a report issued by the US governments Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Substantial increases in global warming may occur sooner than most of us would like to believe,“ the EPA said. The agency said the first effects might be felt a
22、s early as 1990, because temperatures would be rising more than seven times faster each decade between now and the year 2100 than they had been for the past 100 years. “Temperature increases are likely to be accompanied by dramatic changes in precipitation and storm patterns and a rise in global ave
23、rage sea level,“ the EPA report said. “As a result,“ the agency said, “agricultural conditions will be significantly altered, environmental and economic systems potentially disrupted.“ The EPA report said the burning of fossil fuels was directly responsible for most of the atmosphere build-up of car
24、bon dioxide but the current concentration is so great that even a worldwide ban on the use of such fuels would delay the warming effect for only a few years. “A warmer climate will raise sea levels by heating and expanding the worlds oceans and causing glaciers to melt,“ the EPA said. The agency est
25、imated that sea levels could rise anything between 48 to 380 cm in the next 120 years. “An increase of even 48 cm could flood or cause storm damage to many of the major ports of the world, disrupt transportation networks, alter underwater ecology systems and cause major shifts in land development pa
26、tterns.“ One study cited in the report suggested that if the average global temperature rose by 2.5 degrees centigrade, regional climatic conditions might be similar to those during the last interglacial period 120,000 years ago. During this period, oceans were five to seven metres higher than today
27、s, flooding the shores of Europe and western Siberia and making Scandinavia an island. The agency said that while the warming trend could have some beneficial effects, such as reducing heating costs and improving climate and growing seasons in some parts of the world, there would be difficulty in re
28、directing national economies to adapt to the new climate patterns. The EPA said it seemed unlikely that the nations of the world would reach a consensus on step to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Instead, it urged more research on the greenhouse effect and stressed the need for better planning to c
29、ope with the changes the warming trend is expected to produce. （分数：1.00）(1).As a result of the rising of the earths temperature, by 2100（分数：0.20）A.a greenhouse effect will occur drastically.B.worlds climate will defy inhabitation.C.agriculture will be thrown into disorder.D.most coastal cities will
30、be submerged.(2). Which of the following is included in the EPA report?（分数：0.20）A.The greenhouse theory seems controversial.B.World temperature will rise by 7 in 100 years.C.Most people anticipate slow global warming.D.The global warming rate may be underestimated.(3).Which of the points below is NO
31、T given in the news report?（分数：0.20）A.After all, people will benefit much from the greenhouse effect.B.World nations disagree on ways to lessen CO2 discharge.C.Further study on warming effect is strongly recommended.D.Elaborate designing for tackling greenhouse problem is emphasized.(4).The report s
32、ays that if the use of fossil fuels were banned（分数：0.20）A.the earth might cease getting warmer perceivably.B.the earth would slow its pace of warming evenly.C.the warming process would be affected slightly.D.the warming trend would be checked gradually.(5).The EPA warns us that unless the rise in th
33、e earths temperature were restrained,（分数：0.20）A.the continents would be flooded within a century.B.economic inadaptation would be inescapable.C.world climate would return to that of the Ice Age.D.Europe would sink to the bottom of the Atlantic.If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambit
34、ion-wealth, distinction, control over ones destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least amon
35、g them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of
36、closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not s
37、eem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could ,lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than
38、ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For
39、 such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is,“ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.“ The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles ;its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result
40、, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer
41、openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earne
42、st people trying to get on in life. （分数：1.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_.（分数：0.25）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous
43、(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_.（分数：0.25）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy b
44、enefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because _.（分数：0.25）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the
45、 conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained _.（分数：0.25）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyWhen it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47- year-old manicurist isn t cutt
46、ing, filing or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. Most of her clients spend 12 to 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I m a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do withou
47、t when they re concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,“ she says. Even before Alan Greenspan s admission
48、that America s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious app
