1、考研英语 196及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Outline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestionOutline: 1) present situation 2) necessity of the project 3) my suggestion（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The point of the restorationist critique
8、of preservationism is the claim that it rests on an unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other. Dissatisfaction with dualism has for some time figured prominently in the unhappiness of environmentalists with mainstream industrial society. Ho
9、wever, the writings of the restorationists themselvesparticularly, William Jordan and Frederick Turneroffer little evidence to support this accusation. In their view, preservationists are filled with the same basic mind-set as the industrial mainstream, the only difference being that the latter rank
10、s humans over nature while the former elevates nature over humans. While it is perhaps puzzling that Jordan and Turner do not see that there is no logic that requires dualism as a philosophical basis for preservation, more puzzling is the sharpness and ruthlessness of their attack on preservationist
11、s, reinforced by the fact that they offer little, if any, criticism of those who have robbed the natural world. The crucial question, however, about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist program is itself faithful to the first principle of restoration: that
12、 nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory supports a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions that Jordan and Turner give of what restorationists are actually up t
13、o-for example , Turners description of humans as “the lords of creation“, or Jordans statement that “the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with it“-are not consistent well with the community-participation model. Another holistic modelnamely, that of na
14、ture as an organismmight be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model, the “organic“ model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference, however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly useful to the life of the organism. If we could th
15、ink of the biosphere as a single living organism and could identify humans with the brain (or the DNA), or control center, we would have a model that more closely fits the restorationists view. However, to consider humans as the control center of the living earth is to attribute to them a dominating
16、 role in nature. Is this significantly different from the old-fashioned domination model? In both systems humans hold the place of highest authority and power in the world. Also neither view recognizes any limits to the scope and range of reasonable human manipulation in the world. This does not mea
17、n that there are no restrictions, only beneficial manipulation should be undertaken. But it does not mean that nothing is off-limits. A further parallel is that, because the fate of the world rests on humans, they must have a clear idea of what needs to be done. There are also important differences
18、between the two theories. For example, restorationists no longer view the world in the old dominationist way as a passive object. And though both assign to humans a controlling role in the world, dominationists conceive this in terms of conquest while restorationists conceive it in terms of healing.
19、 Also, restorationists insist that the ideas which must serve to guide our work in the world are drawn not solely from a consideration of human needs and purposes but from an understanding of the biosphere; as a result, they are more conscious than dominationists of our capacity to human nature. （分数
20、：1.00）(1).The author would probably agree that preservationists（分数：0.20）A.are uncritical of grabbers of natural resources.B.base their ideas on an impractical dualism.C.share a mind-set with the industrial mainstream.D.suffer unfounded accusation by restorationists.(2).Which of the following best ex
21、presses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the text as a whole?（分数：0.20）A.To establish the parameters of a following debate about mans role in nature.B.To identify problem areas under debate ,which are then explored in detail.C.To discuss secondary issues prior to an argument about a
22、 primary issue.D.To provide historical backgrounds for current issues of public concern.(3).The restorationists and dominationists differ in to all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.their conception of the human role in the world.B.their outlook on the property of the physical world.C.their views on
23、 restrictions of mans manipulation of nature.D.their awareness of the disastrous effect of human activities.(4).In asserting that the organic model might be “more serviceable to the restorationists“, the author implies that（分数：0.20）A.Jordans ideas dash with the participation model.B.the organic mode
24、l goes with the principle of restoration.C.the organic model agrees with the preservationists program.D.holistic models are in conformity with the dualist model.(5).The authors primary criticism of the restorationists is that（分数：0.20）A.they assign humans a controlling role over the natural world.B.t
25、hey reject the most workable model for human beings.C.their critique of preservationism is not well supported.D.their program does not coincide with their principles.Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the e
26、xperiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept the
27、m in place? Why didnt they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an ap
28、ple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you dont have unpredictable things, you dont have research. Scientists tend to for
29、get this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the “scientific method“ a substitute for imaginative thought. Ive attended
30、 research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said“ the data are still inconclusive.“ “We know that,“ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you thi
31、nk? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?“ The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he n
32、ot only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produc
33、e results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. N
34、or, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers “who work well with the team.“
35、 （分数：1.00）(1).The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that_.（分数：0.25）A.inquiring minds are more important than scientific experimentsB.science advances when fruitful researches are conductedC.scientists seldom forget the essential nature of researchD.unpredictability weighs less t
36、han prediction in scientific research(2).The author asserts that scientists _.（分数：0.25）A.shouldnt replace “scientific method“ with imaginative thoughtB.shouldnt neglect to speculate on unpredictable thingsC.should write more concise reports for technical journalsD.should be confident about their res
37、earch findings(3).It seems that some young scientists_.（分数：0.25）A.have a keen interest in predictionB.often speculate on the futureC.think highly of creative thinkingD.stick to “scientific method“(4).The author implies that the results of scientific research_.（分数：0.25）A.may not be as profitable as t
38、hey are expectedB.can be measured in dollars and centsC.rely on conformity to a standard patternD.are mostly underestimated by managementThe Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Al
39、though it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permi
40、ssible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally iii patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, co
41、ntends that the principle will shield doctors who“ until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.“ George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as
42、a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,“ he says.“ We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their de
43、ath. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.“ On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical
44、 agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ ineffectual and forc
45、ed medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying“ as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hosp
46、ital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“ Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are
47、 needlessly and predictably suffering,“ to the extent that it constitutes“ systematic patient abuse.“ He says medical licensing boards“ must make it clear, that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.“ （分数：1.00）(1).From the first
48、three paragraphs, we learn that（分数：0.20）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients pain.B.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.C.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.D.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.(2). Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Doc
