1、考研英语 195 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to
2、 be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revisit school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses see
3、m 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school books, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more
4、 attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decis
5、ion 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he is working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cann
6、ot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else. But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discov
7、ers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：1.00）(1).The appeal of the world of work is first its freedom. The child is compelled to go to school; he is under the 1 of authority. Even what he 2 to school may
8、 be decided for him. As he grows up,he sees 3 it is to be free 4 school and to be able to choose his job and change it if he doesnt like it,to have money in his pocket and 5 to come and go as he wishes in the world. The boys and girls, a year or two older than he is, whom he has long observed, revis
9、it school utterly 6 and apparently mature. Suddenly masters and mistresses seem 7 out of date as his parents and the authority of school a 8 thing. At the moment the adult world may appear so much more real than the school world 9 the hunger to enter it cannot be appeased by exercises in school book
10、s, or talk of 10 examinations necessary for entry into professions or the more attractive occupations. This may not be the wisest 11 but it is a necessary part of growing up, for everyone must come sooner or later to the 12 of saying“ Really, Ive had enough of being taught; I must do a proper job. “
11、Some youths, maturing rapidly because of outside influences,come to this decision 13 than they ought. Yet in a way this is not a bad frame of mind to be in 14 leaving school. At work, the young man makes one of the first great acceptances of life-he accepts the 15 of the material or the process he i
12、s working with. The job must be done in accord with some rigid process he cannot 16 . He sees the point of it and in doing so comes to 17 with life. Nothing done in school 18 its will in quite the same way;if it is wet games can be cancelled;if the math master is ill one can 19 with something else.
13、But even the boy delivering papers, like the driver taking out his bus, discovers that one cannot 20 because there is snow on the ground, or the foreman is irritable, or he himself is in a bad mood that morning.（分数：0.05）A.thumbB.fingerC.palmD.handA.carriesB.bearsC.wearsD.bringsA.freedomB.desireC.imp
14、ulseD.curiosityA.transferredB.transformedC.relaxedD.relievedA.muchB.suchC.soD.asA.ambiguousB.ambitiousC.ridiculousD.conspicuousA.thatB.whichC.whenD.whereA.testifyingB.qualifyingC.justifyingD.rectifyingA.latitudesB.altitudesC.magnitudesD.attitudesA.vergeB.phaseC.pointD.senseA.betterB.soonerC.fasterD.
15、laterA.byB.atC.forD.onA.whyB.whatC.howD.whetherA.disciplineB.restraintC.principleD.regulationA.reviseB.offendC.alterD.shiftA.dealsB.termsC.touchesD.arraysA.plungeB.impactC.imposeD.reinforceA.go overB.get onC.cut inD.come upA.put it offB.get it overC.pull it upD.make it outA.toB.forC.inD.of二、Section
16、Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You should write
17、 about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1)show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below, 2)give a specific example, and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love. You
18、should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are
19、 one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are
20、addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonder
21、ful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by hims
22、elf. “Who is that?“ the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, thats God,“came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.“ If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it 11 be appropriate fo
23、r you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if
24、 you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it s the delivery which
25、 causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed, give up“ or a play
26、on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. （分数：1.00）(1).To make your humor work, you should（分数：0.20）A.take advantage of different kinds of audience.B.make fun of the d
27、isorganized people.C.address different problems to different people.D.show sympathy for your listeners.(2).The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are（分数：0.20）A.impolite to new arrivals.B.very conscious of their godlike role.C.entitled to some privileges.D.very busy even dur
28、ing lunch hours.(3).It can be inferred from the text that public services（分数：0.20）A.have benefited many people.B.are the focus of public attention.C.are an inappropriate subject for humor.D.have often been the laughing stock.(4).To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered（分数：
29、0.20）A.in well-worded language.B.as awkwardly as possible.C.in exaggerated statements.D.as casually as possible.(5).The best title for the text may be（分数：0.20）A.Use Humor Effectively.B.Various Kinds of Humor.C.Add Humor to Speech.D.Different Humor Strategies.All the characteristics and abilities a p
30、erson acquires and all developmental changes result from two basic, though complex, processes: learning and maturation. Since the two processes almost always interact, it is difficult to separate their effects from each other or to specify the relative contribution of each to a childs development. C
31、learly, growth in height is not learned but depends on maturation, a biological process. But improvements in motor activities such as walking, depend on maturation and learning, and the interaction between them. What, then, are maturation and learning? Developmental psychologists are not entirely in
32、 agreement, though there is a common core of accepted meaning. Thus all definitions of maturation stress organic processes or structural changes occurring within an individuals body that are relatively independent of external environmental conditions, experiences, or practice. By maturation it is me
33、ant development of the organism as a function of time, or age. Learning has also been defined in diverse ways, but the term generally refers to changes in behavior or performance as a consequence of experience. Learning is the process by which an activity originates or is changed through training pr
34、ocedures as distinguished from changes not attributable to training. A number of important and stimulating theories of learning have been proposed, each with its own set of principles and hypotheses for explaining the learning process. For our purposes, we do not need to be concerned with the specif
35、ic details of the learning process, even though learning plays the most important role in most aspects of development and change. We shall employ only a few generally accepted principles of learning in this discussion. Specifically, we accept the principle that a child will learn a response more eff
36、ectively and more thoroughly if he is motivated to learn it. Moreover, he will learn a response better if he is rewarded for learning it. According to this view, the more a response is rewarded, the stronger it becomes and the more likely it is to be repeated. Although most learning involves motivat
37、ion and reward, I believe some learning does occur without them. As for the interrelationships between maturation and learning process, a general principle may be provided: maturation is essential to learning. （分数：1.00）(1).As is stated in the text, learning（分数：0.20）A.is generally a complex physiolog
38、ical process.B.has nothing to do with organic developmentC.is mostly independent of ones surroundings.D.concerns the gaining of knowledge or skill.(2). A childs development depends on（分数：0.20）A.learning process in particularB.either natural growth or education.C.both physical and mental progress.D.m
39、aturation process in the main.(3). The subject discussed in the text mainly belongs to the realm of（分数：0.20）A.psychological biology.B.developmental psychology.C.biological psychology.D.evolutional physiology.(4). Which is NOT true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.Physical growth of a child is an att
40、ribute of maturation.B.Organic development has close reference to ones age.C.Maturation stems from accumulation of personal experience.D.Learning plays a vital role in improving a persons behavior.(5). In the authors opinion,（分数：0.20）A.learning is indispensible to ones advancement.B.few principles o
41、f learning are widely approved.C.a child learns nothing unless he has desire for it.D.learning is subject to substantial stimulation.Among the many other things it is, a portrait is always a record of the personal and artistic encounter that produced it. It is possible for artists to produce portrai
42、ts of individuals who have not sat for them, but the portrait that finally emerges normally betrays the restrictions under which the artist has been forced to labor. Even when an artists portrait is simply a copy of someone elses work-as in the many portraits of Queen Elizabeth I that were produced
43、during her lifetime-the never-changing features of a ruler who refused to sit for her court painters reflect not only the supposed powers of an ever-youthful queen but the remoteness of those attempting to depict her as well. Portraits are “occasional“ not only in the sense that they are closely tie
44、d to particular events in the lives of their subjects but in the sense that there is usually an occasion-however brief, uncomfortable, artificial, or unsatisfactory it may prove to be-in which the artist and subject directly confront each other;and thus the encounter a portrait records is most reall
45、y the sitting itself. The sitting may be brief or extended, collegial or confrontational. Cartier-Bresson has expressed his passion for portrait photography by characterizing it as “a duel without rules“. While Cartier-Bresson reveals himself as an interloper and opportunist, Richard Avedon confesse
46、s to a role as diagnostician and psychic healer: not as someone who necessarily transforms his subjects, but as someone who reveals their essential nature. Both photographers appear to agree on one basis, however, which is that the fundamental dynamic in this process lies squarely in the hands of th
47、e artist. A quite-different example has its roots not in confrontation or consultation but in active collaboration between the artist and sitter. This very different kind of relationship was formulated most vividly by William Hazlitt in his essay entitled “On Sitting for Ones Picture“. To Hazlitt, t
48、he “bond of connection“ between painter and sitter is most like the relationship between two lovers: “They are always thinking and talking of the same thing, in which their self love finds an equal counterpart.“ Hazlitt flashes out his thesis by recounting particular episodes from the career of Sir
49、Joshua Reynolds. According to Hazlitt, Reynolds sitters, accompanied by their friends, were meant to enjoy an atmosphere that was both comfortable for them and conductive to the enterprise of the portrait painter, who was simultaneously their host and their contractual employee. In the case of artists like Reynolds, no fundamental difference exists between the artists studio and all those other rooms in which the sitters spin out the day
