1、考研英语 194 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbou
2、s structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patie
3、nts he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the cont
4、rast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to
5、 propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain
6、 as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax
7、, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the l
8、eft frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made ano
9、ther startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithsta
10、ndingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analy
11、zedB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分
12、数：1.00)1.1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments. 1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over ones des
13、tiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educ
14、ated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have es
15、caped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two
16、years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could ,lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of Ameri
17、can materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exce
18、ptional, the proper formulation is,“ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.“ The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles ;its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impuls
19、e, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. C
20、onsequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. （分数：1.00）(
21、1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_.（分数：0.25）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the rich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph m
22、ost probably implies that it is_.（分数：0.25）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not op
23、enly admit they have ambition because _.（分数：0.25）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should
24、be maintained _.（分数：0.25）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallyWhy crime has risen so much further and faster in Britain than in any other rich country over the past half-century is anybodys guess. Maybe its the result of near-America
25、n levels of relative poverty and family breakdown combined with a European reluctance to bang up quite such a large proportion of the population as America does. Anyway, the long-term causes are of less immediate interest to the government than a short-term solution. Popular concern about crime is r
26、ising:23% of people rated it as one of the most important issues for the govenment at the beginning of this year;34% do now. An official report concluding that the criminal justice system is failing has added to the governments problems. The Audit (审计) Commission, the governments watchdog, says that
27、 the police too often charge suspects with the wrong offences, use inaccurate computerized information and face serious inefficiencies in the forensic science (the use of scientific methods by the police) service. Court delays alone are costing taxpayers 80m( 120m) a year. The result is that few cri
28、minals are brought to justice and even fewer convicted. Only 6% of the more than 5m offences recorded by the police last year resulted in a conviction. Hardly surprising, then, that more than half the public believes that the criminal justice system is ineffective. The main purpose of the White Pape
29、r published last year is to address concerns that the procedures of the court are weighted too heavily against the prosecution, It includes many sensible and uncontroversial proposals. It asks for more support for witnesses, many of whom are frightened of testifying. A survey of one London court fou
30、nd that, of 140 witnesses called in a two-week period, only 19 actually turned up. Making juries more representative must also make sense. Getting off jury service is too easy. In some London courts, two-thirds of those called for jury service fail to turn up. As a result ,juries are often composed
31、of housewives, the unemployed and the retired. The White Paper recommends a check on professionals getting off service, who can excuse themselves by saying their work is too important, and proposes penalties for those who fail to comply. Other proposed reforms will be more controversial. At present,
32、 no defendant can be tried for the same offence twice even if compelling new evidence emerges. The governments plan to scrap that law will be resisted by civil liberties campaigners, as will the proposal that previous convictions should be disclosed in open court where they are relevant to the case
33、being heard. Whether or not such proposals make it into law, the White Paper did not do much to address public concerns. The reason why 94% of crimes do not result in a conviction is that three-quarters of them are not cleared up, and so nobody is charged. That is the fault of the police, not the co
34、urts; and that is the part of the criminal justice system that the government needs to focus on if it is to make a difference. （分数：1.00）(1).Concerning the reason for the fast growth of crime in Britain,（分数：0.20）A.anybody can make a guess at it.B.everybody can have his/her ideaC.nobody can know it fo
35、r certainD.anyone can work it out by guess(2).The author suggests in the 1st paragraph that（分数：0.20）A.the British poverty has exceeded that of the U. S.B.the U. S. divorce rate is less fearful than that of Britain.C.the British population is mostly protected by government.D.the number of criminals i
36、mprisoned in the U. S. is great.(3).It would cause much argument and resistance if（分数：0.20）A.defendants were tried twice for new crimes.B.proposed reforms were all duly implemented.C.previous convictions were uncovered to the publicD.most offences vanished and criminals sentenced.(4).The failures in
37、 British criminal justice system include（分数：0.20）A.the wrong convictions of suspects made in court.B.the absence of effective solutions to crime problems.C.the unrealizable promise of getting tough with criminals.D.the misuse of computerized information by the police.(5). According to the White Pape
38、r, the law court（分数：0.20）A.depends excessively on prosecution in trying cases.B.expects to be fair and impartial in convicting criminals.C.judges criminals on enough evidence and witnesses.D.punishes professionals for failure to fulfil their obligations.With the start of BBC World Service Television
39、, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage ,as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport ,com
40、edy ,drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an annual licenee fee of 83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publi
41、cly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC including ordinary listeners and viewersto s
42、ay what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporationof whom there ar
43、e manyare fond of quoting the American slogan “If it aint broke, dont fix it. “The BBC “ aint broke“ ,they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke ,meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world
44、around it is changing. The commercial TV channelsITV and Channel 4were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channelsfunded partly by advertising a
45、nd partly by viewers subscriptionswhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. （分数：1.00）(1).The world famous BBC now faces_.（分数：0.25）A.the problem of news coverageB.an uncertain prospectC.inquiries by the general publicD.shrinkage of audience(2). In the passage ,which of the followin
46、g about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?（分数：0.25）A.Extension of its TV service to Far East.B.Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.C.Potentials for further international co-operations.D.Its existence as a broadcasting organization.(3). The BBCs “royal charter“ ( line 4, paragra
47、ph 4) stands for_.（分数：0.25）A.the financial support from the royal familyB.the privileges granted by the QueenC.a contract with the QueenD.a unique relationship with the royal family(4).The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than_.（分数：0.25）A.the emergence of commercial TV
48、channelsB.the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC.the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD.the challenge of new satellite channelsMuch of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as“ steering the economy to a soft landing“ or“ a touch on the brakes“, makes it sound Li
49、ke a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked re
