1、考研英语 191及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are n
2、eeded for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- their
3、 elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. However,
4、 a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are
5、 needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- the
6、ir elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. Howeve
7、r, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.（分数：1.00）A.eitherB.soC.norD.never二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures. 3) Suggest counter-measures. 1) Describe the pictures. 2) Deduce the purpose of the
8、 drawer of the pictures. 3) Suggest counter-measures.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-old there are twice as many wom
9、en as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural select
10、ion has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone
11、. There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have rough
12、ly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocr
13、ity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical
14、 change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they“ l
15、ook at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. “No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. （分
16、数：1.00）(1).What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?（分数：0.25）A.A lack of mates.B.A fierce competition.C.A lower survival rate.D.A defective gene.(2).What does the example of India illustrate?（分数：0.25）A.Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.B.Na
17、tural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.C.The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.D.India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.(3).The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_.（分数：0.25）A.life has been improved by technolo
18、gical advanceB.the number of female babies has been decliningC.our species has reached the highest stage of evolutionD.the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（分数：0.25）A.Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.B.Ways of
19、 Continuing Mans Evolution.C.The Evolutionary Future of Nature.D.Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Why crime has risen so much further and faster in Britain than in any other rich country over the past half-century is anybodys guess. Maybe its the result of near-American levels of relative poverty and f
20、amily breakdown combined with a European reluctance to bang up quite such a large proportion of the population as America does. Anyway, the long-term causes are of less immediate interest to the government than a short-term solution. Popular concern about crime is rising:23% of people rated it as on
21、e of the most important issues for the govenment at the beginning of this year;34% do now. An official report concluding that the criminal justice system is failing has added to the governments problems. The Audit (审计) Commission, the governments watchdog, says that the police too often charge suspe
22、cts with the wrong offences, use inaccurate computerized information and face serious inefficiencies in the forensic science (the use of scientific methods by the police) service. Court delays alone are costing taxpayers 80m( 120m) a year. The result is that few criminals are brought to justice and
23、even fewer convicted. Only 6% of the more than 5m offences recorded by the police last year resulted in a conviction. Hardly surprising, then, that more than half the public believes that the criminal justice system is ineffective. The main purpose of the White Paper published last year is to addres
24、s concerns that the procedures of the court are weighted too heavily against the prosecution, It includes many sensible and uncontroversial proposals. It asks for more support for witnesses, many of whom are frightened of testifying. A survey of one London court found that, of 140 witnesses called i
25、n a two-week period, only 19 actually turned up. Making juries more representative must also make sense. Getting off jury service is too easy. In some London courts, two-thirds of those called for jury service fail to turn up. As a result ,juries are often composed of housewives, the unemployed and
26、the retired. The White Paper recommends a check on professionals getting off service, who can excuse themselves by saying their work is too important, and proposes penalties for those who fail to comply. Other proposed reforms will be more controversial. At present, no defendant can be tried for the
27、 same offence twice even if compelling new evidence emerges. The governments plan to scrap that law will be resisted by civil liberties campaigners, as will the proposal that previous convictions should be disclosed in open court where they are relevant to the case being heard. Whether or not such p
28、roposals make it into law, the White Paper did not do much to address public concerns. The reason why 94% of crimes do not result in a conviction is that three-quarters of them are not cleared up, and so nobody is charged. That is the fault of the police, not the courts; and that is the part of the
29、criminal justice system that the government needs to focus on if it is to make a difference. （分数：1.00）(1).Concerning the reason for the fast growth of crime in Britain,（分数：0.20）A.anybody can make a guess at it.B.everybody can have his/her ideaC.nobody can know it for certainD.anyone can work it out
30、by guess(2).The author suggests in the 1st paragraph that（分数：0.20）A.the British poverty has exceeded that of the U. S.B.the U. S. divorce rate is less fearful than that of Britain.C.the British population is mostly protected by government.D.the number of criminals imprisoned in the U. S. is great.(3
31、).It would cause much argument and resistance if（分数：0.20）A.defendants were tried twice for new crimes.B.proposed reforms were all duly implemented.C.previous convictions were uncovered to the publicD.most offences vanished and criminals sentenced.(4).The failures in British criminal justice system i
32、nclude（分数：0.20）A.the wrong convictions of suspects made in court.B.the absence of effective solutions to crime problems.C.the unrealizable promise of getting tough with criminals.D.the misuse of computerized information by the police.(5). According to the White Paper, the law court（分数：0.20）A.depends
33、 excessively on prosecution in trying cases.B.expects to be fair and impartial in convicting criminals.C.judges criminals on enough evidence and witnesses.D.punishes professionals for failure to fulfil their obligations.Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill u
34、s but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain ? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 mi
35、llion smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere
36、is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does pr
37、ovide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.“ Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that
38、the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy
39、now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it s obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralysis by analysis.“ To serve as responsibl
40、e stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West V
41、irginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally so
42、und. （分数：1.00）(1).An argument made by supporters of smoking was that（分数：0.20）A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D.antism
43、oking people were usually talking nonsense.(2).According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（分数：0.20）A.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide(3).What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis“( Last line, Paragraph 4)?（分数：0.20）A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals
44、 truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progress.D.Extensive research helps decision - making.(4).According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?（分数：0.20）A.Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further scientific resea
45、rch.D.Take some legislative measures.(5).The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（分数：0.20）A.they both suffered from the governments negligence.B.a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D.both of them
46、 have turned from bad to worse.Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But spec
47、ialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule.
48、Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those are
