1、考研英语 190及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fr
2、ee operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others d
3、epend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the be
4、tter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、 is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practice
6、s by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|-
7、. The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Outline: 1 ) importance of good health 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices Outline: 1 ) impo
8、rtance of good health 2 ) ways to keep fit 3 ) my own practices （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robot
9、icsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose u
10、niversal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the conti
11、nual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage
12、 of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can
13、 t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be abl
14、e to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception f
15、ar more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant,
16、instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ing
17、enuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of s
18、cience fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at autom
19、ated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bon
20、e surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for thems
21、elvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence
22、 has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not cen
23、turies. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of
24、a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most ad
25、vanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：0.20）_Half the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015, researchers say. Two billion people are expected to start learning English within a decade
26、and three billion will speak it,says a British Council estimate. Other languages, such as French, risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization“. But the boom will be over by 2050 and the English-language teaching industry will have become a victim of its own success, says David Gra
27、ddol, author of the report, The Future of English. Mr. Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English-language teaching around the world. The lecturer, who has worked in education and language studies at the Open University for the past 25 years, said the mo
28、del charted likely student numbers through to 2050. It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco) on education provision, demographic projections, government education policies and international student mobility figur
29、es. The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in. Based on its findings, Mr. Graddol has predicted that the world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many
30、governments, especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence, are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.“ “But English predominates in the business world, and for such countries to be able to compete for work, including lucrative (profitable) outso
31、urcing contracts, English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.“ The potential bonanza (source of wealth) on offer from outsourcing means even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia. But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress throu
32、gh academia, and more universities across the world choose to teach in the language. Mr. Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050. “English-language students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,“ he said,“ Increasingly, as English spread across the globe,more people w
33、ill become bilingual, even multi-lingual and such skills are highly prized in business. But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.“ The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading, and the world, far from being dominated by English, was to becom
34、e more multi-lingual. Mr. Graddol said,“ Chinese, Arabic and Spanish are all popular, and likely to be languages of the future.“ （分数：1.00）(1). It is estimated that in a decade English will be（分数：0.20）A.actively studied by over 200 million people.B.freely spoken by global English learners.C.popular w
35、ith over 80% of world inhabitants.D.really mastered by 50% of people worldwide.(2). According to the text,“linguistic globalization“ will（分数：0.20）A.eliminate French from the globe.B.defeat other European languages.C.fail all languages except English.D.make English the biggest winner.(3).The writer o
36、f the report deems that outsourcing is to（分数：0.20）A.result in the increase of English subjects.B.result in the increase of English subjects.C.account for the further spread of English.D.bring about transition in college curricula.(4). David Graddol predicts that the thriving period of English will（分
37、数：0.20）A.terminate within half a century.B.climax in the middle of the century.C.endure for no less than five decades.D.quit till the beginning of the 2050s.(5).The report “The Future of English“ factored in all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.the educational condition and policy.B.the directions
38、and designs of Unesco.C.the statistics about populationD.the movements of overseas students.No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due
39、study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable t
40、o enable average human beings to attain the mental quality which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. While any peop
41、le has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox(非正统的) thinking was for a time suspended. Where there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is consider
42、ed to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundat
43、ions and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings. He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reaso
44、ns on the opposite side, and if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the wor
45、ld, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of opponents from his own teachers ,presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real con
46、tact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; otherwise he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinion
