1、考研英语 187及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he
2、will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developing 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a sou
3、rce of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased
4、income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to make a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e.
5、g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：1.00）(1).At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he
6、 interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developin
7、g 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a source of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and
8、proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to mak
9、e a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e. g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：0.05）A
10、.skirtsB.fashionsC.patternsD.clothesA.practiceB.attemptC.performD.rehearseA.meetB.hitC.fitD.playA.feelingsB.motivesC.passionsD.moodsA.thereofB.howeverC.untilD.sinceA.negativeB.positiveC.criticalD.directA.ableB.easyC.aptD.fairA.appearanceB.behaviorC.mannersD.flavorsA.thingsB.aspectsC.partsD.pointsA.c
11、onfirmB.assumeC.disputeD.recognizeA.forB.ofC.toD.inA.in turnB.in effectC.in stepD.in resultA.engagedB.compelledC.expectedD.promptedA.orientedB.influencedC.designedD.formattedA.fairlyB.ratherC.quiteD.seldomA.consciousB.ambitiousC.conspicuousD.generousA.adaptsB.ascendsC.assuresD.acceptsA.senseB.tasteC
12、.choiceD.attitudeA.createB.bringC.forgeD.pledgeA.byB.toC.inD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 w
13、ords neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the cartoon, 2) interpret its meaning and 3) suggest possible courses to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、S
14、ection Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)For three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption) exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车) to reap the rewards. Bu
15、t the story is changing. Everyone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon generals office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow“ training. Enthusiasts claim that
16、 by pumping iron at a snails pace-making each “rep“(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits
17、 are often dramatic. Almost anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on-you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depri
18、ving yourself of impetus, the weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you cant complete a rep. Then you sustain your vain effort for 10 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle. Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally. But once you embrace muscl
19、e failure as the goal of the workout, it can become almost pleasure. The goal is not to burn calories while youre exercising but to make your body burn them all the time. Running a few miles many make you sweat, but it expends only 100 calories per mile, and it doesnt stimulate much bone or muscle d
20、evelopment. Strength training doesnt burn many calories, either. But when you push a muscle to failure, you set off a pour of physiological changes. As the muscle recovers over several days, it will thicken-and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance. By the time you add three pounds of muscle,
21、 your body requires an extra 9,000 calories a month just to break even. Hold your diet steady and, very quickly, you are vaporizing body fat. One might have benefited from any strength-training program. But advocates insist the slow technique is safer and more effective than traditional methods. （分数
22、：1.00）(1).Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years by virtue of（分数：0.20）A.Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years by virtue ofB.its greater consumption of oxygen.C.the compliment paid by authorities.D.the actual benefits from the exercise.(2).According to the author,“ Super Slow“ tr
23、aining（分数：0.20）A.has been misunderstood for decades.B.has been widely accepted recentlyC.has been the basis of weight lifting.D.has become the nucleus of aerobics.(3).The phrase “to break even“ ( Line 7, Par. 3 ) most probably means（分数：0.20）A.to upset physical energy balance.B.to disturb the calmnes
24、s of the body.C.to gain a greater profit than a lossD.to make neither a profit nor a loss.(4).In practicing slow lifting, one has to（分数：0.20）A.complete each rep with great demands for his muscles.B.bear the unendurable reaction caused by the training.C.suffer the bitter effect called forth by the ex
25、ercise.D.exert unusual pressure on his legs and shoulders.(5). Slow weight lifters are required to make each rep（分数：0.20）A.without using any driving force.B.without movement of their bodyC.with unbearable iron weights.D.with the feeling of muscle failure.While disease is present prior to social orga
26、nization, communal life creates special hazards. While the organization of society can reduce the dangers of disease, trade and urbanization, with their consequent problems of sanitation and pollution, can also aggravate such dangers. Even in the mid-twentieth century, during the brief calm between
27、the polio and AIDS epidemics, epidemic health risks associated with carcinogens (cancer-producing substances ) from polluted air threatened the industrialized world. To the economist, efforts to combat these risks are at least partially public goods. The benefits from public goods are indivisible am
28、ong beneficiaries. A sole private purchaser of health care would give others in society a “free ride“ with respect to the benefits obtained. To market theorists, such goods are lawful objects of governmental intervention in the market. While the theory of public goods helps explain aspects of public
29、 health law and assists in fitting it into modern economic theory, it omits a critical point. Ill health is not a mere byproduct of economic activity, but an inevitable occurrence of human existence. As a result, wherever there is human society, there will be public health. Every society has to face
30、 the risks of disease. And because it must, every society searches to make disease comprehensible within the context of the societys own particular culture, religion, or science. In this sense, health care is public not only because its benefits are indivisible and threats to it arise from factors o
31、utside of the individual but also because communal life gives individuals the cultural context in which to understand it. Governments typically have assumed an active role with respect to health care, acting as if their role were obligatory. How governments have fulfilled that duty has varied throug
32、hout time and across societies, according not only to the wealth and scientific sophistication of the culture but also to its fundamental values-because health is defined in part by a communitys belief system, public health measures will necessarily reflect cultural norms and values. Those who criti
33、cize the United States government today for not providing health care to all citizens equate the provision of health care with insurance coverage for the costs of medical expenses. By this standard, seventeenth and eighteenth-century America lacked any significant conception of public health law. Ho
34、wever, despite the general paucity (scarcity) of bureaucratic organization in pre-industrial America, the vast extent of health regulation and provision stands out as remarkable. Of course, the public role in the protection and regulation of eighteenth-century health was carried out in ways quite di
35、fferent from those today. Organizations responsible for health regulation were less stable than modern bureaucracies ,tending to appear in crises and fade away in periods of calm. The focus was on epidemics which were seen as unnatural and warranting a response ,not to the many prevalent and chronic
36、 conditions which were accepted as part and parcel of daily life. Additionally ,and not surprisingly ,religious influence was significant ,especially in the seventeenth century. Finally, in an era which lacked sharp divisions between private and governmental bodies, many public responsibilities were
37、 carried out by what we would now consider private associations. Nevertheless, the extent of public health regulation long before the dawn of the welfare state is remarkable and suggests that the founding generations assumptions about the relationship between government and health were more complex
38、than commonly assumed. （分数：1.00）(1).The authors primary purpose is to（分数：0.20）A.comment on the government role in health-care provision.B.argue about the social organizations tasks concerning health care.C.trace the historical development of the national health-care system.D.discuss the societal dut
39、y to make provision against epidemic diseases.(2).The author mentions all of the following as causes of epidemic diseases EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.expanding international trade.B.rapid general urbanization.C.inadequate sanitation facilities.D.poor preventive measures.(3).Which of the following best expresse
40、s the main point of the last paragraph?（分数：0.20）A.The government precautions against diseases have failed many critics.B.The government should spare no efforts on preventing epidemic diseases.C.History witnessed government contribution to the provision of health care.D.Health problems prior to the w
41、elfare state arose largely for lack of funds(4).Health care is inherently a public concern for all of the following reasons EXCLUDING（分数：0.20）A.the indivisibility of its benefits among its receivers.B.the impact of societal factors on the individuals health.C.the government obligation to provide hea
42、lth care for its people.D.the comprehension of disease within a particular cultural context.(5).Which of the following finds the LEAST support in the text?（分数：0.20）A.Government involvement in health care is characterized by action.B.Philosophical considerations weigh less in making health policies.C
43、.Health organizations took common diseases as an essential part of daily life.D.Modern public health agencies provide comprehensive protection against most diseases.In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital“ and “labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem line
44、s. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in
45、the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family
46、 business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly in
47、creased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America,
48、Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, a
49、nd who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by
