1、考研英语 186及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work is well done, a -|_|- of accident-fr
2、ee operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others d
3、epend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|- . The fewer the injury -|_|- , the be
4、tter the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies -|_|- low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them -|_|- and active. When the work
5、 is well done, a -|_|- of accident-free operations is established -|_|- time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. Successful safety programs may -|_|- greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practice
6、s by -|_|- roles or s. -|_|- others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained. There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety -|_|-
7、. The fewer the injury -|_|- , the better the workmans insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at -|_|- or at a loss. （分数：1.00）A.atB.inC.onD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2
8、) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures
9、to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are
10、 seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where they should go next. The coming of age of the postwar bab
11、y boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of
12、Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praised by foreigners for
13、 its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling
14、Liberal Democratic Partys education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. “Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prew
15、ar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the“ Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that may have more to do
16、with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization ,fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the e
17、xtended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two- generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the
18、 Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. （分数：1.00）(1).In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_.（分数：0.25）A.under aimless developmentB.a positive exampleC.a rival to the Wes
19、tD.on the decline(2).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?（分数：0.25）A.Womens participation in social activities is limited.B.More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C.Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.D.The life-style
20、has been influenced by Western values.(3).Which of the following is true according to the author?（分数：0.25）A.Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B.Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.C.More stress should be placed on
21、 the cultivation of creativity.D.Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.(4).The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that_.（分数：0.25）A.the young are less tolerant of discomforts in lifeB.the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U. S.C.the Japanese endure more than
22、 ever beforeD.the Japanese appreciate their present lifeWhat our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too
23、 close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images
24、and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming f
25、rom a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶醉的 ) personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counter
26、act a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modern man, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for.“ There is w
27、idespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences, at least in principle and
28、 in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have co
29、nsensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the wo
30、rld by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and
31、values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（分数：0.20）A.lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence of unanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformity with what it was unexpe
32、cted to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“ mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast to be caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.the past can help to shape
33、a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the uniformity of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid the sense of being isolated
34、 and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of Americans results from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the absence of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in life.D.the obstruction of a
35、chieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably（分数：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer.D.a social historian.To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph o
36、f a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.“ One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and the
37、reby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perpl
38、exed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she op
39、posed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied,“ Then I would have to say yes. “Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers. “Such well-meaning people jus
40、t don t understand. Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother s hip replacement, a father s bypass operation,
41、a baby s vaccinations, and even a pet s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could“ adopt“ middle school classes and
42、 present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because
43、the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing
44、, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry, will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress. （分数：1.00）(1).The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to（分数：0.20）A.call on scientists to take some actions.B.criticize the misguided cause of animal rights.C.warn of the
45、 doom of biomedical research.D.show the triumph of the animal rights movement.(2).Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is（分数：0.20）A.cruel but natural.B.inhuman and unacceptable.C.inevitable but vicious.D.pointless and wasteful.(3). The example of the grandmotherly woman is us
46、ed to show the public s（分数：0.20）A.discontent with animal research.B.ignorance about medical science.C.indifference to epidemics.D.anxiety about animal rights.(4).The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should（分数：0.20）A.communicate more with the pub
47、licB.employ hi-tech means in research.C.feel no shame for their cause.D.strive to develop new cures.(5).a well-known humanist.（分数：0.20）A.a medical practitioner.B.an enthusiast in animal rights.C.a supporter of animal research.Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing
48、, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter - culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissiv
