1、考研英语 172 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accep
2、ted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determ
3、ine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media pref
4、erence 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain.
5、We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：1.00）(1).News reports often focus on disp
6、utes among scientists over the validity of preliminary (untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative). This aspect of science- 1 because it has not been widely 2 and accepted-is called frontier science. The media 3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “brea
7、kthroughs“ make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science, 5 , does not mean that it isnt worthy of serious consideration; 6 , such matters need further study to determine their 7 . 8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are wi
8、dely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11 The media preference 12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain
9、conclusions, which may or may not be correct. However, 15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to f
10、ind out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology. （分数：0.05）A.controversialB.suspiciousC.debatableD.untrustworthyA.checkedB.testedC.approvedD.confirmedA.therebyB.howeverC.moreoverD.notwithstanding
11、A.ratherB.otherwiseC.anywayD.thereforeA.integrityB.availabilityC.reliabilityD.stabilityA.ByB.ToC.OnD.InA.merelyB.oddlyC.fairlyD.rarelyA.referB.indicateC.modifyD.describeA.discriminationB.distinctionC.exceptionD.presumptionA.toB.onC.forD.withA.fancyB.falseC.vividD.virtualA.presentsB.reachesC.provides
12、D.grantsA.preferB.temptC.intendD.tendA.untilB.unlessC.whenD.whileA.imagineB.concludeC.predictD.perceiveA.identicallyB.uniformlyC.cautiouslyD.seriouslyA.onB.toC.withD.inA.summarizeB.systematizeC.recognizeD.revitalizeA.latentB.intactC.oddD.keyA.hedgeB.circleC.realmD.scope二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.0
13、0)1.1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments. 1)Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon. 2) Give your comments.* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital“ and “labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival
14、 organizations on modem lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the
15、fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders,
16、 were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of cap
17、ital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the n
18、ineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had
19、 retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later
20、 Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for
21、the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the nu
22、mbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of
23、the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. （分数：1.00）(1). Its true of the old family firms that_.（分数：0.25）A.they were spoiled by the younger generationsB.they failed for lack of individual initiativeC.they lacked efficie
24、ncy compared with modem companiesD.they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers(2).The growth of limited liability companies resulted in_.（分数：0.25）A.the separation of capital from managementB.the ownership of capital by managersC.the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD.the partic
25、ipation of shareholders in municipal business(3).According to the passage ,all of the following are true EXCEPT that_.（分数：0.25）A.the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB.the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersC.the limited liability companies were too large
26、to run smoothlyD.the trade unions seemed to play a positive role(4). The author is most critical of_.（分数：0.25）A.family firm ownersB.landownersC.managersD.shareholdersTechnically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the
27、term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase“ substance abus
28、e“ is often used instead of“ drug abuse“ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be so
29、ciable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all ,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. R
30、epeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is
31、 discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up
32、or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic ( from the Greek word meaning“ mind-m
33、anifesting“ ) because they seemed to radically alter ones state of consciousness. （分数：1.00）(1).“Substance abuse“( Line 5, Paragraph 1 ) is preferable to“ drug abuse“ in that _.（分数：0.25）A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB.“drug abuse“ is only related to a limite
34、d number of drug takersC.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous(2). The word“ pervasive ( Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean_.（分数：0.25）A.widespreadB.overwhelmingC.piercingD.fashionable(3). Physical dependence on certain
35、 substances results from _.（分数：0.25）A.uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB.exclusive use of them for social purposesC.quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseasesD.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms(4). From the last paragraph we can infer tha
36、t _.（分数：0.25）A.stimulants function positively on the mindB.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substancesD.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsA great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-calle
37、d digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.
38、 There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More
39、and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that i
40、s very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this to
41、ol, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a so
42、ciety) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why America s Second Wave infrastructureincluding roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch
43、 and the French were investing in Britain s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build yo
44、ur Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you re going to be. That doesn t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom
45、infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. （分数：1.00）(1).Digital divide is something_.（分数：0.25）A.getting worse because of the InternetB.the rich countries are responsible forC.the world must guard againstD.considered positive today(2).Governments attach importance to the Internet
46、because it_.（分数：0.25）A.offers economic potentialsB.can bring foreign fundsC.can soon wipe out world povertyD.connects people all over the world(3). The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_.（分数：0.25）A.providing financial support overseasB.preventing foreign capital
47、 s controlC.building industrial infrastructureD.accepting foreign investment(4). It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_,（分数：0.25）A.how well-developed it is electronicallyB.whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC.whether it adopts Americas industrial patternD.how much control it h
48、as over foreign corporationsThe Supreme Court s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supp
49、orted the medical principle of “double effect,“ a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses
