1、考研英语 166及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are n
2、eeded for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- their
3、 elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. However,
4、 a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs. Vitamins are organic compounds necessary, in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. They do not provide energy, -|_|- do they construct or build part of the body. They are
5、 needed for -|_|- foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if -|_|- is missing a deficiency disease becomes -|_|- . Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elementsusually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and -|_|- nitrogen. They are different -|_|- the
6、ir elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin -|_|- one or more specific functions in the body. -|_|- enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for -|_|- vitamins. M people, -|_|- , believe in being on the “safe side“ and thus take extra vitamins. Howeve
7、r, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the bodys vitamin needs.（分数：1.00）A.eitherB.soC.norD.never二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) prop
8、ose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should writ
9、e about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Americans today don t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical
10、 educationnot to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti- intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,“ says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a count
11、erbalance.“ Ravitch s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject th
12、e life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rat
13、e country. We will have a less civil society.“ “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,“ writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti- intellectualism in US politics, religion, and educat
14、ion. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Em
15、erson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for I0 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.“ Mark Twain s Huckleberr
16、y Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to readso he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creativ
17、e, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country s educational system is in the grip
18、s of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.“ （分数：1.00）(1). What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?（分数：0.20）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Pr
19、ofound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future careerD.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2) We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of（分数：0.20）A.undervaluing intellect.B.favoring intellectualism.C.supporting school reform.D.suppressing native intelligence.(3).
20、The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（分数：0.20）A.identical.B.similar.C.complementary.D.opposite.(4). Emerson, according to the text, is probably（分数：0.20）A.a pioneer of education reform.B.an opponent of intellectualism.C.a scholar in favor of intellect.D.an advoeate of regular schooling.(5
21、).What does the author think of intellect?（分数：0.20）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursued.D.It underlies power.Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside
22、the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living popul
23、ations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as
24、 by human mobility-through commerce, tourism, and travel-greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical b
25、arriers such as oceans or mountains. Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects
26、 that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively
27、create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of
28、these are non- indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur b
29、etween establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand ac
30、res. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-for ex
31、ample, which is more “important“: the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than its lo
32、ng-term amount.B.Natural expansions of species account for their slow contractions.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.is liab
33、le for the fast distribution of the Russian wheat pest.B.failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best express the
34、 chief purpose of the last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D.To di
35、scuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion in species detection.(4).It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-native sp
36、ecies is LEAST likely to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whether the species is considered to be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the magnitude of the average number of the species.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people ha
37、ve devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, t
38、hey have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller termi
39、nals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with su
40、bmillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that p
41、ose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced ver
42、y mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they
43、 found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a
44、 controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer s
45、ystems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has
46、resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely n
47、otice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And th
48、anks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisi
