1、考研英语 164及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, ph
2、ysical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ take years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect,
3、nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-suppor
4、t systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for taking care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15
5、 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of their 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help peop
6、le get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：1.00）(1). The human brain can do a lot of wonderful things; many of them include 1 mastery of complex feedback systems with long 2 For example, consider
7、how difficult raising a child truly is. Many factors are 3 , including the nutritional, physical, emotional and mental condition of the child, and the feedback of these factors 4 the behavior of those involved in raising the child. To 5 matters, many of the responses of the child/parent “system“ tak
8、e years to 6 themselves. Yet billions of parents have somehow 7 to feed, clothe, protect, nurture, heal, teach, and love their children 8 successful adulthood. 9 all our intuitive sophistication in dealing with complicated situations, its a 10 to see how poorly we deal with some newer systems, most
9、of 11 brought about by technology. Both raising children and protecting Earths life-support systems are 12 of life and death; in the long term, they are equally important. But 13 our brains seem fairly well prepared for the long-term process of raising kids, we seem to have 14 built-in skill for tak
10、ing care of the environment that supports us, any children we might have, and all other 15 . It seems that the “thinking“ parts of our brains cant deal with complicated systems and their long- term 16 ,and the 17 parts of our brains that can deal with complex systems dont help us much outside of the
11、ir 18 areas. One of the goals of systems science is to use math and computers to help people get better 19 taking care of Earths life-support systems. The task involves teaching our thinking brains about 20 complicated systems work. （分数：0.05）A.firmB.solidC.latentD.virtualA.intervalsB.delaysC.staysD.
12、periodsA.complicateB.confuseC.contriveD.complementA.uncoverB.betrayC.discloseD.revealA.attemptedB.managedC.inclinedD.succeededA.forB.withC.intoD.beforeA.ByB.OnC.ToD.WithA.surpriseB.wonderC.chaosD.confusionA.thatB.whichC.themD.thoseA.affairsB.issuesC.problemsD.mattersA.whetherB.whenC.whereasD.whereve
13、rA.littleB.poorC.lameD.properA.concernedB.correlatedC.involvedD.incurredA.kidsB.thingsC.lifeD.mankindA.actionsB.effectsC.influencesD.functionsA.insensitiveB.initiativeC.indicativeD.intuitiveA.specializedB.minimizedC.circularizedD.characterizedA.toB.inC.atD.onA.whyB.howC.whenD.whereA.onB.ofC.fromD.wi
14、th二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You s
15、hould write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)One of the questions that is coming into focus as we face growing scarcity of resources of many kinds in the world is how to divide limited resources among countries. In the international dev
16、elopment community, the conventional wisdom has been that the 2 billion people living in poor countries could never expect to reach the standard of living that most of us in North America enjoy, simply because the world does not contain enough iron ore, protein, petroleum, and so on. At the same tim
17、e, we in the United States have continued to pursue superaffluence as though there were no limits on how much we could consume. We make up 6 percent of the worlds people; yet we consume one-third of the worlds resources. As long as the resources we consumed each year came primarily from within our o
18、wn boundaries, this was largely an internal matter. But as our resources come more and more from the outside world, “outsiders are going to have some say over the rate at which and terms under which we consume. We will no longer be able to think in terms of “our“ resources and “their“ resources, but
19、 only of common resources. As Americans consuming such a disproportionate share of the worlds resources, we have to question whether or not we can continue our pursuit of superaffluence in a world of scarcity. We are now reaching the point where we must carefully examine the presumed link between ou
20、r level of well-being and the level of material goods consumed. If you have only one crust of bread and get another crust of bread, your well-being is greatly enhanced. But if you have a loaf of bread, then an additional crust of bread doesnt make that much difference. In the eyes of most of the wor
21、ld today, Americans have their loaf of bread and are asking for still more. People elsewhere are beginning to ask why. This is the question were going to have to answer, whether were trying to persuade countries to step up their exports of oil to us or trying to convince them that we ought to be per
22、mitted to maintain our share of the world fish catch. The prospect of a scarcity of, and competition for, the worlds resources requires that we reexamine the way in which we relate to the rest of the world. It means we find ways of cutting back on resource consumption that is dependent on the resour
23、ces and cooperation of other countries. We cannot expect people in these countries to concern themselves with our worsening energy and food shortages unless we demonstrate some concern for the hunger, illiteracy and disease that are diminishing life for them. （分数：1.00）(1).The writer warns Americans
24、that（分数：0.20）A.their excessive consumption has caused world resource exhaustion.B.they are confronted with the problem of how to obtain more goods.C.their unfair share of resources should give way to proper division.D.they have to discard their cars for the growing scarcity of oil fuels.(2).Accordin
25、g to the text, it has long been believed that（分数：0.20）A.people in poor countries fail to enjoy a higher standard of living.B.people in underdeveloped countries are deprived of better living conditions.C.most Americans know that the worlds resources are going scarce.D.it is impractical for all the pe
26、ople in the world to raise their living standards.(3) It can be concluded from the text that（分数：0.20）A.the U. S. will be isolated if it clings to pursuing superaffluence.B.the poor countries will no longer supply the U. S. with materials.C.the Americans should care about the well-being of other nati
27、ons.D.the U. S. is to aid the poor countries in their economic growth.(4).By “common resources“ (Par. 2), the writer means that（分数：0.20）A.the U. S. resources should be enjoyed by other countries.B.Americans are entitled to consume worldwide resources.C.its hard to separate U. S. resources from those
28、 of the world.D.the world resources should be used rationally by all nations(5). The writer gives the example of bread to show that the United States（分数：0.20）A.has been much richer than any other countries.B.has acquired more than what it has contributed.C.has been too greedy in its pursuit of super
29、affiuence.D.has greater power to grab wealth than other nations.Of all the components of a good night s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory t
30、hat dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise“the random byproducts of the neural - repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind s e
31、motional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off - line.“ And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. “It s your dream,“ says Rosalind Cartwright, cha
32、ir of psychology at Chicago s Medical Center. “If you don t like it, change it.“ Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleepwhen most vivid dreams occuras it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.
33、 But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain“) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day,“ say
34、s Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement. The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative fe
35、elings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don t always think about the emotional significance of the day s eventsuntil, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious
36、 control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. A
37、t the end of the day, there s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,“ Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people s anxiety. Those suffering from persist
38、ent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep or rather dreamon it and youll feel better in the morning. （分数：1.00）(1).Researchers have come to believe that dreams（分数：0.20）A.can be modified in their courses.B.are su
39、sceptible to emotional changes.C.reflect our innermost desires and fears.D.are a random outcome of neural repairs(2).By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show（分数：0.20）A.its function in our dreams.B.the mechanism of REM sleep.C.the relation of dreams to emotions.D.its difference f
40、rom the prefrontal cortex.(3).The negative feelings generated during the day tend to（分数：0.20）A.aggravate in our unconscious mind.B.develop into happy dreams.C.persist till the time we fall asleep.D.show up in dreams early at night.(4).Cartwright seems to suggest that（分数：0.20）A.waking up in time is e
41、ssential to the ridding of bad dreams.B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progression.D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.(5).What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?（分数：0.20）A.Lead your li
42、fe as usual.B.Seek professional help.C.Exercise conscious controlD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimeA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the
43、Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers were the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies
44、 the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge America
45、n industries, such as consumer electronics ,had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into th
46、e domestic market. Americas machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans sto
47、pped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of Americas industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational fi
48、ndings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning
49、 of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted, “according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,“ says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a thin
