1、考研英语 163及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancell
2、or, will introduce a -|_|-bill that will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a com
3、mittee report this year which said that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord
4、Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|
5、_|-our British judges,“he said. Witness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories i
6、n court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases -|_|-the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant -|_|-of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a -|_|-bill that
7、 will propose making payments to witnesses -|_|-and will strictly control the amount of -|_|-that can be given to a case -|_|-a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he -|_|-with a committee report this year which said
8、that self regulation did not -|_|-sufficient control. -|_|-of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a -|_|-of media protest when he said the -|_|-of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges -|_|-to Parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the
9、 Human Rights Bill, which -|_|-the European Convention on Human Rights legally -|_|-in Britain, laid down that everybody was -|_|-to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands -|_|-our British judges,“he said. Wit
10、ness payments became an -|_|-after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were -|_|-to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised -|_|-witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to -|_|-guilty verdicts.（分数
11、：1.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such as二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANS
12、WER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4
13、，分数：4.00)Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and t
14、obacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase“ substance abuse“ is often used instead of“ drug abuse“ to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine. We
15、 live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance bec
16、ome misuses? First of all ,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and m
17、ore of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psych
18、oactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it i
19、n a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic ( from the Greek word meaning“ mind-manifesting“ ) because they seemed to radically alter ones state of consciousness. （分数：1.00）(1).“Substance abuse“( Line 5, Paragraph 1 ) is preferable to“ dru
20、g abuse“ in that _.（分数：0.25）A.substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally usedB.“drug abuse“ is only related to a limited number of drug takersC.alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaineD.many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous(2). The w
21、ord“ pervasive ( Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean_.（分数：0.25）A.widespreadB.overwhelmingC.piercingD.fashionable(3). Physical dependence on certain substances results from _.（分数：0.25）A.uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of timeB.exclusive use of them for social purposesC.quantitative app
22、lication of them to the treatment of diseasesD.careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms(4). From the last paragraph we can infer that _.（分数：0.25）A.stimulants function positively on the mindB.hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to healthC.depressants are the worst type of psychoactive
23、substancesD.the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsWhat our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be. Such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. F
24、or that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics (史诗) informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be
25、Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies. Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a count
26、ry of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic ( 自我陶醉的 ) personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving co
27、nsensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In his study of narcissism, Christopher Lasch says that modern man, “tortured by self- consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find somethin
28、g to live for.“ There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose. Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian ( 极权主义的 ) societies, our culture is one of great individual differences,
29、 at least in principle and in theory. But this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. H
30、ence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha visionabout a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to e
31、xamine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolation, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdow
32、n of social standards and values. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the greatest trouble with the U. S. society lies in the（分数：0.20）A.lack of serious disagreement over the organizations of social life.B.non-existence of unanimity on the forms the society should take.C.general denying of its conformi
33、ty with what it was unexpected to be.D.public negation of the consensus on how to conduct social reforms.(2).“Homers epics“ mentioned in Paragraph 1 exemplifies the fact that（分数：0.20）A.the present is varying too fast to be caught up easily.B.the future may be so indefinite as to be unpredictable.C.t
34、he past can help to shape a consensus in the present.D.the past determines social moralities for later generations.(3).The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans（分数：0.20）A.to bring about the uniformity of their culture.B.to diminish their great individual differences.C.to avoid t
35、he sense of being isolated and troubled.D.to regain the feelings of social values and morale.(4). The asocial personality of Americans results from（分数：0.20）A.the multiracial constituents of the U. S. society.B.the absence of a common religion and ancestry.C.the want of shared myths they possess in l
36、ife.D.the obstruction of achieving a general agreement.(5). It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lasch is most probably（分数：0.20）A.an earnest nationalist.B.an advanced psychologist.C.a radical reformer.D.a social historian.We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form. that
37、so-and-so is the “last essayist“, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, its strange that though two fine anthologies (collections)remain that publish the years best stories
38、, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading publics taste arent always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it (with painting and drumming)will be the only art
39、left, after movies, novels, photography, essays ,biography, and all the rest have gone down the drainthe art to build from. Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am. Autobiographies which arent novels are generally extended essay
40、s, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the minds natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldnt be uttere
41、d in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays dont usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap“ to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap( 绒毛)on a piece of wool and cant be brushed flat. Es
42、says belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, instead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels“ than fiction, because we are n
43、ot supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us. An essayist doesnt have to t
44、ell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at alt, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling pr
45、ogression, it conveys the quality of the authors mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the minds peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the f
46、ascination of the essay. （分数：1.00）(1).The author asserts that the changes in readers taste（分数：0.20）A.contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.B.often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.C.sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.D.usually bring about beneficial o
47、utcome, so to say.(2). The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again（分数：0.20）A.the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.B.the art and literature would most totally vanish.C.the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.D.the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.(3). The essayists main task seems to be（分数：0.20）A.the implied revelation and description of the tr
