1、考研英语 162及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
8、 Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Late Victorian and moder
9、n ideas of culture are always, in some sense, attributed to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his Culture and Anarchy (1869) , placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as “the pursuit of total perfection by means
10、of getting to know, on all matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world“. It was Arnolds hope that, through this knowledge, we can turn “a fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits“. Although Arnolds thinking about culture helped to define the p
11、urposes of the liberal arts curriculum in the century following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of disagreement with Arnolds views have had considerable impact of their own. The first can be seen as protesting Arnolds fearful destination of “anarchy“ as cultures enemy. This division
12、 seems to set up simply one more version of the old struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to its authority. Arnold certainly tried to define the arch-the lawful order of value-against what he saw as the an-arch existentialist democracy, yet he himself was annoyed in hi
13、s soul by the blind pride of the reactionary powers in his world. Another form of opposition saw Arnolds culture as an absurd perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privileges in a world where science had become the new arch and from which any really new order of thinking must
14、 develop. At the center of the “two cultures“ debate were the goals of the formal curriculum in the educational system, which is always taken to be the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. However, Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly c
15、onceived set of institutions. Today, however, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by multiculturalism, a movement aimed largely at gaining recognition for voices and visions that Arnoldian culture has implicitly suppressed. At the level of educational practice, the multiculturalists are i
16、nterested in lessening the arbitrary authority that “high culture“ exercises over the curriculum while bringing into play the principle that we must learn what is representative, for we have overemphasized what is exceptional. The multiculturalists conflict with Arnoldian culture has clear similarit
17、ies to the radical critique; yet multiculturalism affirms Arnold by returning us more specifically to a tension inherent in the idea of culture rather than to the culture-anarchy division. The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists insist that Arnolds culture is simply a device
18、for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. There is no utopian motive in Arnolds celebration of perfection. The idea of perfection mattered to Arnold as the only background against which we could form a just image of our actual circ
19、umstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies. This capacity which all humans possess, Arnold made the foundation and authority of culture. （分数：1.00）(1).The text is chiefly aimed at（分数：0.20）A.arguing against the views in opposition to Arnolds ideas.B.describing Arnolds concep
20、tion of culture and education.C.tracing Arnolds influence on the liberal arts education.D.interpreting Arnolds pursuit of sheer perfection of culture.(2).Arnold would most likely disagree with the statement that（分数：0.20）A.the capacity to conceive is the foundation of culture.B.culture operates in a
21、wide array of social institutions.C.the traditional curriculum should be duly reformed.D.the anarchy culture is a type of defiance against the authority.(3). In refuting Arnolds opponents, the author employs all of the following techniques EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.disclosing the paradoxical nature of argume
22、nts against Arnolds culture.B.presenting evidence conflicting with the opponents opinions.C.asserting the opposite views to be oversimplifications of the facts.D.drawing analogies between opponents claims and other false ideas.(4). We can infer from the text that the two-culture debate（分数：0.20）A.eme
23、rged as a reaction to the multiculturalist movement.B.developed after the publication of Culture and Anarchy.C.influenced Arnolds thinking about culture and society.D.was carried on by both American and European culturists.(5).Which of the following statements about multiculturalists is NOT supporte
24、d by the text?（分数：0.20）A.They affirm Arnolds thesis through their opposition to his culture.B.They protest Arnolds designation of anarchy as cultures enemy.C.They seek to suppress the voices and visions of Arnolds allies.D.They oppose the pursuit of perfection in schools of higher education.A great
25、deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new,
26、positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people
27、online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will na
28、rrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isn t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it
29、 has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of inf
30、rastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why America s Second Wave infrastructureincluding roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with fo
31、reign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. T
32、he more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you re going to be. That doesn t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how impo
33、rtant they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. （分数：1.00）(1).Digital divide is something_.（分数：0.25）A.getting worse because of the InternetB.the rich countries are responsible forC.the world must guard againstD.considered positive to
34、day(2).Governments attach importance to the Internet because it_.（分数：0.25）A.offers economic potentialsB.can bring foreign fundsC.can soon wipe out world povertyD.connects people all over the world(3). The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_.（分数：0.25）A.providing f
35、inancial support overseasB.preventing foreign capital s controlC.building industrial infrastructureD.accepting foreign investment(4). It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_,（分数：0.25）A.how well-developed it is electronicallyB.whether it is prejudiced against immigrantsC.whether it adop
36、ts Americas industrial patternD.how much control it has over foreign corporationsBeing a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-old there are twice as many women as men. But t
37、he great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been rem
38、oved. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone. There is anoth
39、er way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same numb
40、er of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today-eve
41、ryone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No othe
42、r species fills so many places in nature. But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they“ look at an organi
43、c being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension. “No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us. （分数：1.00）(1).What
44、used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?（分数：0.25）A.A lack of mates.B.A fierce competition.C.A lower survival rate.D.A defective gene.(2).What does the example of India illustrate?（分数：0.25）A.Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.B.Natural selection
45、hardly works among the rich and the poor.C.The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.D.India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.(3).The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because_.（分数：0.25）A.life has been improved by technological advanceB.t
46、he number of female babies has been decliningC.our species has reached the highest stage of evolutionD.the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（分数：0.25）A.Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.B.Ways of Continuing Mans
47、 Evolution.C.The Evolutionary Future of Nature.D.Human Evolution Going Nowhere.When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn t biting her nails just yet. But the 47- year-old manicurist isn t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she d like to, either. Most of her clients spend 12 to
48、 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I m a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they re concerned about saving some dollars.“ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of
