1、考研英语 15及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain as a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous
2、structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax, claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patient
3、s he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the left frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contra
4、st with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made another startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to p
5、ropose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：1.00）(1).For centuries, the nature of the brain was shrouded in mystery. Aristotle is said to have 1 it was a cold sponge, whose main task was to 2 the blood. Later, Leonardo da Vinci 3 the brain a
6、s a curious void filled by three tiny bulbous structures 4 in a straight line 5 the eyeball. Not all early theories were quite so misguided, 6 . From the first studies 7 language deficits, it was 8 that the brain played some direct part in language use. In 1836, an 9 French country doctor, Max Dax,
7、claimed that, in forty aphasic (患失语症的) patients he had seen, 10 of language ability always 11 with damage to the left half of the brain. Thirty years later, this claim was 12 proved by the French surgeon Paul Broca. He had studied aphasic 13 in patients who were found to have brain damage 14 the lef
8、t frontal lobe. Broca was struck by the contrast with right hemisphere damage, 15 seemed to have little effect on speech. The area Broca isolated and the aphasia associated with it now 16 his name, “Brocas aphasia.“ Ten years after Brocas 17 , Karl Wernicke, a young researcher in Germany, made anoth
9、er startling 18 , which ultimately 19 him to propose not just a new language area, but an overall theory of 20 language is handled in the brain. （分数：0.05）A.inventedB.imaginedC.thoughtD.speculatedA.coolB.chillC.filterD.purifyA.aboveB.underC.beneathD.behindA.anyhowB.howeverC.consequentlyD.notwithstand
10、ingA.onB.toC.atD.withA.proposedB.exploredC.suspendedD.suspectedA.anonymousB.eloquentC.obscureD.eccentricA.defectB.lossC.failureD.descentA.correlatedB.cooperatedC.respondedD.involvedA.drasticallyB.dramaticallyC.curiouslyD.dubiouslyA.reactionsB.reflectionsC.phenomenaD.symptomsA.toB.inC.onD.ofA.analyze
11、dB.prescribedC.representedD.disclosedA.itB.thatC.whichD.whatA.flareB.wearC.shareD.bearA.achievementB.discoveryC.researchD.contributionA.hypothesisB.illustrationC.breakthroughD.penetrationA.setB.fedC.letD.ledA.howB.whatC.whyD.whenA.paralleledB.arrangedC.allocatedD.dispersed二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：
12、1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully
13、 and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its implications in life, and 3) support your view with examples. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)If ambition is to be well regarded, th
14、e rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over ones destiny-must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educa
15、ted not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is a heavy note of hypocrisy i
16、n this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped-with the educated themselves riding on them. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs-the locations, place names and name brands may change, but s
17、uch items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could ,lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, wh
18、ich now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in pr
19、ivate schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is,“ Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.“ The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles ;its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattra
20、ctive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but onl
21、y that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the
22、 majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. （分数：1.00）(1).It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if_.（分数：0.25）A.its returns well compensate for the sacrificesB.it is rewarded with money, fame and powerC.its goals are spiritual rather than materialD.it is shared by the r
23、ich and the famous(2).The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is_.（分数：0.25）A.customary of the educated to discard ambition in wordsB.too late to check ambition once it has been let outC.dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goalD.impractical for the e
24、ducated to enjoy benefits from ambition(3).Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because _.（分数：0.25）A.they think of it as immoralB.their pursuits are not fame or wealthC.ambition is not closely related to material benefitsD.they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible(4).From the
25、last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained _.（分数：0.25）A.secretly and vigorouslyB.openly and enthusiasticallyC.easily and momentarilyD.verbally and spirituallySince the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is da
26、ngerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is i
27、ncreasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transacti
28、on. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled p
29、hysicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to han
30、dle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 196
31、0s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain
32、 s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse
33、 a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuros
34、cientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：1.00）(1). Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human cap
35、abilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modem world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labo
36、r. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-
37、mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to ope
38、rate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,“ says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can t yet give a robot enough common sense to rel
39、iably interact with a dynamic world.“ Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the
40、 year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talentedand human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. T
41、hey have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the
42、side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it. （分数：0.20）_Late Victorian and modern ideas of culture are always, in some sense, attribu
43、ted to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his Culture and Anarchy (1869) , placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as “the pursuit of total perfection by means of getting to know, on all matters which most concern
44、 us, the best which has been thought and said in the world“. It was Arnolds hope that, through this knowledge, we can turn “a fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits“. Although Arnolds thinking about culture helped to define the purposes of the liberal arts curriculum in the century
45、 following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of disagreement with Arnolds views have had considerable impact of their own. The first can be seen as protesting Arnolds fearful destination of “anarchy“ as cultures enemy. This division seems to set up simply one more version of the old s
46、truggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to its authority. Arnold certainly tried to define the arch-the lawful order of value-against what he saw as the an-arch existentialist democracy, yet he himself was annoyed in his soul by the blind pride of the reactionary powers i
47、n his world. Another form of opposition saw Arnolds culture as an absurd perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privileges in a world where science had become the new arch and from which any really new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the “two cultures“ debate were the goals of the formal curriculum in the educational system, which is always taken to be the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. However, Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much mo
