1、考研英语 158及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)There is a general expectation that teachers can spot talented children and do something for them. But studies have 1 that teachers do not always 2 gifted children, even those 3 academic talent. In fact, they 4 to identify from 10 to
2、 50 percent of their gifted students. The first 5 in identifying gifted students is determining the 6 for finding them. If we want to 7 a group of students for an 8 mathematics class, our approach would be different than 9 we are looking for students with high talent 10 a creative-writing program. S
3、pecific program needs and requirements, then, 11 the identification process. Subjective evaluation-teacher 12 , parent referral-should be 13 by standardized tests and other 14 measures of ability. Any 15 for identifying gifted children in a school system should 16 both subjective and objective metho
4、ds of 17 Classroom behavior, for example, can point 18 childrens ability to organize and use materials and reveal their potential for processing information better than 19 a test situation. Many aspects of creativity and verbal fluency are also best 20 in a classroom or informal setting. （分数：1.00）(1
5、). There is a general expectation that teachers can spot talented children and do something for them. But studies have 1 that teachers do not always 2 gifted children, even those 3 academic talent. In fact, they 4 to identify from 10 to 50 percent of their gifted students. The first 5 in identifying
6、 gifted students is determining the 6 for finding them. If we want to 7 a group of students for an 8 mathematics class, our approach would be different than 9 we are looking for students with high talent 10 a creative-writing program. Specific program needs and requirements, then, 11 the identificat
7、ion process. Subjective evaluation-teacher 12 , parent referral-should be 13 by standardized tests and other 14 measures of ability. Any 15 for identifying gifted children in a school system should 16 both subjective and objective methods of 17 Classroom behavior, for example, can point 18 childrens
8、 ability to organize and use materials and reveal their potential for processing information better than 19 a test situation. Many aspects of creativity and verbal fluency are also best 20 in a classroom or informal setting. （分数：0.05）A.expressedB.shownC.approvedD.confirmedA.preferB.admitC.recognizeD
9、.encounterA.methodB.stepC.phaseD.aimA.approachB.processC.reasonD.procedureA.signifyB.chooseC.specifyD.organizeA.enforcedB.innovatedC.extendedD.advancedA.ifB.asC.thatD.whenA.toB.forC.inD.onA.shapeB.completeC.modifyD.regulateA.argumentB.decisionC.judgementD.motivationA.classifiedB.determinedC.improved
10、D.checkedA.subjectiveB.objectiveC.persuasiveD.effectiveA.forB.ofC.withoutD.withA.programB.classC.planD.projectA.constituteB.sustainC.includeD.embodyA.revelationB.examinationC.evaluationD.recognitionA.toB.upC.atD.outA.canB.doesC.doD.willA.qualifiedB.trainedC.highlightedD.observedA.failB.tendC.tryD.re
11、fuse二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)T
12、hat experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to re
13、citation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cros
14、s a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic ins
15、tances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when ones memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. N
16、evertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories faile
17、d to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases
18、 are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptiv
19、e flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross
20、 support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. （分数：1.00）(1).From the evolutionary point of view_.（分数：0.25）A.forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptiveB.if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptiveC.the gradual process
21、of forgetting is an indication of an individuals adaptabilityD.sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences(2). According to the passage, if a person never forgot_.（分数：0.25）A.he would survive bestB.he would have a lot of troubleC.his ability to learn would be enhancedD.the evolution of me
22、mory would stop(3). From the last paragraph we know that_.（分数：0.25）A.forgetfulness is a response to learningB.the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output systemC.memory is a compensation for forgettingD.the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs(4)
23、. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of_.（分数：0.25）A.rememberingB.forgettingC.adaptingD.experiencingWith the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporations news coverage ,as well as listen to it. And of course in
24、Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport ,comedy ,drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, childrens programmes and films for an an
25、nual licenee fee of 83 per household. It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 yearsyet the BBCs future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject o
26、f a nation-wide debate in Britain. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC including ordinary listeners and viewersto say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is t
27、hat the BBCs royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. Defenders of the Corporationof whom there are manyare fond of quoting the American slogan “If it aint broke, dont fix it. “The BBC “ aint broke“ ,they say, by which they mean
28、 it is not broken (as distinct from the word broke ,meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channelsITV and Channel 4were required by the Thatcher Governments Broadcasting Act to be
29、come more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channelsfunded partly by advertising and partly by viewers subscriptionswhich will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. （分数：1.00）(1).The world famous BBC n
30、ow faces_.（分数：0.25）A.the problem of news coverageB.an uncertain prospectC.inquiries by the general publicD.shrinkage of audience(2). In the passage ,which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?（分数：0.25）A.Extension of its TV service to Far East.B.Programmes as the subject o
31、f a nation-wide debate.C.Potentials for further international co-operations.D.Its existence as a broadcasting organization.(3). The BBCs “royal charter“ ( line 4, paragraph 4) stands for_.（分数：0.25）A.the financial support from the royal familyB.the privileges granted by the QueenC.a contract with the
32、 QueenD.a unique relationship with the royal family(4).The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than_.（分数：0.25）A.the emergence of commercial TV channelsB.the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the governmentC.the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobsD.the challenge of n
33、ew satellite channelsAs Americas air becomes steadily more contaminated, activities across the nation to cope with smog appear to be lagging further and further behind actual needs despite a rising public clamor for improvement. There has been a considerable progress in the last couple of years. But
34、 the over-all picture is that so many localities havent really come to grips with the air pollution problem that people might be dismayed if they knew how their welfare was being trifled with. Air pollution sources are now hurling more than 140 million tons of contaminants into the atmosphere every
35、year, by Federal estimates. Two years ago it was only 130 million tons. The increase has been caused by many things-more people, more automobiles, more industry, more space heating, little if any reduction that more often than not are inadequate. The adverse health effects of air pollution are becom
36、ing more widely recognized, although specific medical evidence is still fragmentary. As a psychological annoyance, often called an “esthetic“ factor, it translates into decreased property values. In damage to crops and other plants, its cost is reckoned in millions of dollars; in damage to structure
37、s and materials, in billions. Federal and state pollution control officials report the following highlight of the current situation. States and localities generally still have penalties for air pollution that are little more than a wrist slap (with fines as low as 10). Enforcement is generally sketc
38、hy and weak. And the remedial procedures are so cumbersome that more and more they are being bypassed by simple lawsuits brought by public officials or citizens. Although Federal law has required auto makers to provide vehicles with fume control equipment, few states have done anything to assure its
39、 effectiveness, after a car has left the factory, by providing for regular inspection of the equipment. Public officials in many places still seem to consider bursts of complaints from citizens preferable to complaints they might get from instituting effective air quality programs. Industries and ot
40、her polluters, such as municipalities, still exert great influence, opposing or weakening regulatory laws and “packing“ regulatory boards with their own spokesmen. Public resentment over air pollution is growing, as is shown by recurring incidents of picketing (设置纠察员) and increasing number of legal
41、actions. The big Federal program to combat air pollution, under way for several years, is proceeding fairly close to schedule. But Federal auto-fume regulations will not be very productive for nearly a decade until around 100 million unregulated, older-generation cars have been replaced on the highw
42、ays. The part of the Federal effort that deals with stationary pollution sources, like factories, is still largely in an organizational phase, yielding little immediate reduction in fumes. （分数：1.00）(1).The general situation of air pollution has worsened partly because（分数：0.20）A.many local authoritie
43、s havent grasped the essence of pollution.B.a lot of people havent started to deal seriously with the problem.C.a number of places havent located the sources of contamination.D.few health organizations have realized its disastrous consequences.(2). The word “hurling“ in Par. 3 may be best replaced b
44、y（分数：0.20）A.generating.B.dumping.C.releasing.D.discharging.(3). Peoples indignation aroused by air pollution is reflected in（分数：0.20）A.repeated demonstrations against steady contamination.B.serial strikes against official neglect of the problem.C.more and more lawsuits against polluters by the publi
45、c.D.renewing of old cars for immediate reduction in auto-fumes.(4).An example of the “esthetic“ factor associated with air pollution would be（分数：0.20）A.a thick mist hiding what would be a fine skyline.B.the destruction of a flower garden by polluted water.C.a layer of dirt accumulated on a buildings
46、 windows.D.the poor visibility hindering the smooth traffic flow.(5).Public complaints go unattended owing to the（分数：0.20）A.poor representation of common people in Congress.B.politicians yielding to forceful corporate influence.C.preferable establishment of pollution regulatory laws.D.blockade of re
47、gulatory boards by polluter spokesmen.Personality is to a large extent inherentA-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their chil
48、dren. One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs“ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejo
